Shadowing-Übung: Amartya Sen interview (1999) - Englisch Sprechen Lernen mit Video

Mark Yassin is the winner of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Economics.

He was given the award for "restoring an ethical dimension to

the discussion of economic problems." His writings have revolutionized the theory of development by focusing on the importance of freedom over wealth.

In his new book, "Development as Freedom," he allows economics to address the social basis of the well -being of the individual.

I am pleased to have him on this broadcast as we

always are to have someone here who brings piercing insight into issues

that are part of not only the discussion in the United States, but the world.

Welcome.

Thank you very much.

This notion of how you feel about markets.

and democracy, and how you feel about growth economics, working best in an economic environment that is,

in a political environment that's a democracy, or a political environment that is a totalitarian.

Stay.

Yes, well I think what I'd like to think of in this context is to go with behind the institutions and

The main approach, which actually the book also does pursue,

is that the very basic thing which leads to social change and progress is ultimately individual freedom.

But individual freedom, of course, is also conditional on certain social opportunities being available, political opportunities, economic opportunities.

And my claim is that the freedoms of different kinds complement each other, just as I was mentioning in the case of the rise.

a communal riot, so people didn't have economic freedom, had to go into hostile area and got killed.

So economic freedom gives you more liberty there also.

Similarly, I think political freedom gives voice.

democracy, civil rights, open media, public discussion like we are having now, gives voice to the people who are deprived.

And you make the point.

Well taken, it seems, that at a time of a famine,

A democracy is more likely to put a break on a famine than a totalitarian state.

It's not only more likely, that's radically so.

There has never been a famine in a democratic country, even very poor ones, like Zimbabwe, Botswana, India.

India continues to have famine, right up to independence, which is the last one that occurred, which I saw as a child I was mentioning.

But if you look at the famines today, they're all in countries that are totalitarian.

Well, if you think of North Korea, Sudan, if you think of the past, the biggest famine in record history, China, 58, 61, 30 million people dead.

Soviet Union in the 1930s, military dictatorship, one kind or another,

Ethiopia, Somalia, Mozambique, Angola, one after another.

And it happens because in a democracy the protest, the public voice would not allow and tolerate.

Yeah, I would say that there are two things.

You may be very lucky and may have no democracy and still have no famine.

But if a famine were to develop, democracy provides a guarantee for stopping it because famines are extremely easy to stop.

And this was one of my earlier works.

I did a book.

published in 1981 called Poverty and Famines, showing why famines occur because of really decline on the fortunes of a very small group of people,

maybe millions, but still proportionately very small.

And you can very easily stop it, even without getting any kind of assistance from abroad.

And if a government has an incentive to do it, it can always stop a famine extremely easily.

So that led to the second part.

How can it do it if it has an incentive?

Well, if it doesn't have an incentive, then it couldn't do it.

But what I was saying that if it did have an incentive to do it, then it can carry it out very easily.

So the economic analysis led me to the political one, and it was quite clear that in a democracy, if you have to fight another election,

and not like being criticized by opposition parties, and not like being hoisted up by newspapers and the media,

you would actually do something about preventing famines and that's extremely easy to do.

And that's why, you know, even though China was in many ways doing better than India right from the beginning, from the middle of the century,

nevertheless, India was much better able to stop famine than China

because when the famine occurred

and about 10 million people were dying in China each year through that period after the Great Leap Forward failed,

there was no criticism of the government.

People didn't even know that people were dying in such numbers.

We now know from demographic statistics of the Chinese themselves.

Another aspect of this, obviously, which you have talked about, and written about is whether you look at Singapore as one example, Yes.

economic growth and a different political structure.

And then you look at some democracies likewise in Africa, where the most progressive economic growth is taking place in a democratic establishment.

So what rule do we bring out of that?

I think those who have studied these kind of issues like Robert Barrow, my old colleague from Harvard and others,

Przorsky, Limogier and others, find that actually as far as economic growth is concerned, there is no connection one way or the other very much about democracy.

It's much more concerned with the friendliness of the economic climate rather than harshness of the political climate.

development in terms of human security, then I think democracy has a role.

I mean, one good example would be that East Asian, South Korea, Indonesia, Thailand, Southeast Asia,

they were all doing terribly well, and people somehow didn't miss democracy at that time when everything seemed to be going up and up together.

and the absence of a democracy were badly felt.

And naturally in South Korea and Indonesia, these became the big moments of democratic movement, and not surprisingly at all.

Explain this to me and you will understand this much better.

And I've never quite understood the reasons why.

Here in this United States, we have a booming stock market We're creating enormous wealth for certain

percentage of people The notion is that the rising tide raises all boats,

Yet we have a growing disparity between wealthy and poor.

An income inequality.

How is that possible.

Charlie, can I go beyond that?

Yes.

There is not only income inequality, that could be bad enough.

But I think that's not where the real problem is.

The real problem is the inequality of basic freedom to live in a way that you would like to live.

And that includes living long, living a life without illnesses, living in a peaceful, happy surrounding, and so on.

And if you think about that, you see the lack of health care in the United States, the lack of insurance about health care, despite the richness of the country,

I mean it's coming back to the political discussion right now, it's actually a little scandalous.

You know, whether 43 million people not having medical insurance, whether that's an exaggeration or not, certainly a very large number of people are.

And sometimes it's our good, but in fact it doesn't make any difference.

But if you look at the mortality differences between different regions of the country, and between different classes, and and between different races.

African Americans, for example, as a group, have a lower chance of reaching any kind of age beyond 15 than the Chinese

or the Indians in Kerala or Sri Lankans and so on.

And why is that?

Well, I think to some extent, lack of medical insurance plays a part.

Educational failure plays a part.

And sometimes it's thought that this is all connected with violence.

And indeed, that some violence is high and that's also a social malaise.

And family structure and lots of other things.

Actually, in the book I study and go beyond that, even if you take beyond the age of 35, then death from violence is no longer a factor.

And look at women, you see similar deprivation.

And the overall impact is just radically...

different from what the picture on income comparison would look like.

That is, if you take the African American, It's quite often said African Americans are relatively deprived compared with American whites.

100

But they're not absolutely deprived, nor are they relatively deprived compared to the third world.

101

Now that's true in terms of income.

102

They may have income 30, 40 times, the Chinese or the Indian.

103

On the other hand, The life expectancy of African Americans in this city, in New York, or in San Francisco,

104

or in Washington, is several years lower than that in India or Pakistan on an average. And

105

if you took those - The life expectancy in the inner

106

city of New York in many cases is lower than that of - African American, I'm talking about.

107

Male African American.

108

Yeah.

109

And the male African American rates are very low, like 58 years.

110

that's dramatically low in comparison with income.

111

And you have to ask the question, what's gone wrong?

112

And I think here, it's not just a question of having a democracy, but also what kind of issues could be forcefully practiced.

113

That's why I'm so delighted that to some extent this issue is returning back into American electoral politics.

114

Because without that, you won't have any change, really.

115

Because I think the - I thought that in the discussion of both Gore and Bradley,

116

at least it's...

117

You're right, it is.

118

Senator Bradley is trying to raise...

119

Senator Bradley is trying to raise this as an issue...

120

I'm meeting at one occasion, I must say, I greatly admire him.

121

I think it's wonderful if he can bring those issues into the story.

122

But you know, each area, it's peculiar.

123

In Europe, you could not have survived with the kind of healthcare situation.

124

No government would have the chance of winning an election.

125

Mr. All right, but that's what I want to get at too, because for a second, if you look at the economics and the reality of healthcare and those kinds of numbers,

126

rather than income equality, it's much more dramatic and blatant and powerful. as a condition.

127

Yeah.

128

Why do you think, even though you're expertise in your scholarly work is economics and not politics.

129

Why do you think the body politic allows that in this country?

130

I would like to believe, naively, that we are a good people who care about our neighbors.

131

Well, I think that's an extremely interesting question, and you're quite right.

132

As an economist, I hesitate to speak on it.

133

But I must say, political analysis of it.

134

requires to go much deeper into this because there are peculiar arbitrariness.

135

In America, you can get by without health insurance being a political issue in the way you can't in Europe.

136

In Europe, you can get by with double -digit unemployment levels, which no US government could have survived on.

137

In India, you cannot to have a famine, but you can survive with a regular undernourishment of a kind which is very peculiarly strong.

138

You could get away with it, and you change it.

139

You could get away in India on gender inequality.

140

It wasn't politicized, but thanks to the feminist movements and others now, and a general political change,

141

women's inequality has become a big politicized issue.

142

So I think it's a question of really

143

the opportunity of the political leadership and the vision of the political leadership to see some of these issues.

144

And I think if the medical care issue is strongly politicised, I think you'd get the kind of response that you would get in Europe.

145

And that's why I remain ultimately very hopeful on that.

146

But you can't really do a certain change without at the same time affecting public opinion and public discussion.

147

MR. And then you can get to the interesting debate on how to do something about it.

148

And therefore, honorable people can differ.

149

over how to treat the illness, but once they've got to make a commitment that there ought to be, It's unacceptable.

150

- Yes.

151

in terms of healthcare, in terms of education, in terms of children's nutrition, in terms of all those things, that affect - Yes, absolutely.

152

And I think there's no substitute to having active public discussion.

153

I mean, so far as my book is trying to do anything, it's trying to draw public attention to certain things which we do know on the basis of economic, political, social analysis.

154

And its bearing and development is interpreted here very widely.

155

It applies to America, it applies to Europe, as well as to India and China and Africa and Latin America.

156

discussion, which is really the main thing

157

that the book is trying to present in terms of identifying the various kinds of unfreedom.

158

It could be political unfreedom, it could be social opportunity unfreedom, and so on.

159

MR. Development as freedom.

160

There are many people I know.

161

who I respect and admire for their achievements, who believe that Freedom and free markets are one and the same thing.

162

I think that's just nonsense.

163

I mean, free markets are quite an important contribution to development.

164

I mean, even somebody like Karl Marx in the capital thought

165

that the American Civil Wars was the most important event of his time, on grounds that it got people out of slavery into a market economy,

166

into a great economy.

167

And yet, you need to supplement the market economy by so many other things, democracy, democracy.

168

public expenditure.

169

Great guru of market economy, Adam Smith, goes on and on on the need for public education, need for poverty relief, in fact.

170

So I think in many ways one has to place the market economy - Thank you.

171

as one institutional aspect of a multi -institutional world.

172

And anyone who wants to identify free market with freedom is as mistaken as someone who would take the view

173

that you can dispense with market in the pursuit of freedom.

174

You need to see it in a much wider context.

175

I fear asking this, but I'm tempted to anyway, and generally I follow temptation.

176

What's the best idea you ever had?

177

Thank you.

178

Oh, good God.

179

I don't know.

180

I think probably some of the ideas that I would be more pleasantly, rather more technical than easy to discuss.

181

I mentioned that the novella was connected with social choice theory.

182

There were issues of aggregation and so on, and there were these.

183

Kenneth Arrow had an impossibility theorem showing why you cannot and your decision leads to inconsistencies.

184

And really the hard work to a great extent was how you can broaden the informational input into the social analysis.

185

I think to some extent that has played a part in all these things.

186

The need to have a much wider informational structure to know much more, not just one small thing,

187

not just income, but also how people's lives go, their health care, their educational arraignment, these turn out to be quite crucial in both the technical

188

mathematical problems in dealing with impossibility as well as in terms

189

of public discussion problems in making a change in the world in which we actually live.

190

These ideas and others are discussed in this book, Development is Freedom, winner of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Economics.

191

Thank you for joining us.

192

See you next time.

193

Bye.

📺 Gleicher Kanal

Christopher Hitchens interview (1996)

University StudentsWorking Adults

Bernardo Bertolucci interview (1994)

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students

✨ Empfohlenes Video

16 Sätze

Kontext & Hintergrund

In einem aufschlussreichen Interview von 1999 spricht Amartya Sen, der Gewinner des Nobelpreises für Wirtschaft im Jahr 1998, über die bedeutende Rolle von Freiheit im wirtschaftlichen und politischen Diskurs. Sen argumentiert, dass individuelle Freiheit und soziale Chancen Hand in Hand gehen und dass diese Freiheiten entscheidend für sozialen Wandel und Fortschritt sind. In seinem Buch „Entwicklung als Freiheit“ verknüpft er wirtschaftliche Theorien mit der gesellschaftlichen Basis des Wohlstands, was nicht nur für die USA, sondern für die gesamte Welt relevant ist. Durch seine Einsichten wird deutlich, wie wichtig ein demokratisches Umfeld für das Wohl der Gesellschaft ist.

Top 5 Phrasen für die tägliche Kommunikation

„Die Freiheiten verschiedener Arten ergänzen sich gegenseitig.“ - Diese Aussage betont die Interdependenz von wirtschaftlicher und politischer Freiheit.
„Demokratie gibt der Bevölkerung eine Stimme.“ - Diese Phrase verdeutlicht, wie Demokratie die öffentliche Meinung ermöglicht.
„Es hat noch nie eine Hungersnot in einem demokratischen Land gegeben.“ - Eine kraftvolle Feststellung zur Rolle von demokratischen Institutionen in Krisenzeiten.
„Oft kann eine Regierung eine Hungersnot ganz einfach verhindern.“ - Dies zeigt die Verantwortlichkeit von Regierungen während einer Krise.
„Die Proteste in einer Demokratie können Missstände nicht tolerieren.“ - Diese Aussage hebt die Bedeutung des öffentlichen Widerstands hervor.

Schritt-für-Schritt Shadowing-Leitfaden

Um Ihre Englischkenntnisse durch Shadowing effektiv zu verbessern, besonders bei einem so tiefgreifenden Thema wie dem von Amartya Sen, folgen Sie diesen Schritten:

Video mehrmals ansehen: Schauen Sie sich das Interview mehrmals an, um ein Gefühl für den Inhalt und den Dialogfluss zu bekommen.
Hören und nachsprechen: Spielen Sie kurze Abschnitte des Videos ab und wiederholen Sie die Sätze laut. Nutzen Sie die „shadowspeaks“-Methode, um Ihren Wortschatz zu erweitern.
Fokus auf Aussprache: Achten Sie auf die Betonung und Intonation der Sätze, während Sie nachsprechen. Dies ist besonders wichtig für das Englisch lernen mit YouTube.
Sätze isolieren: Wählen Sie einige der oben genannten Phrasen aus und üben Sie sie gezielt. Versuchen Sie, diese in Ihren eigenen Gesprächen zu verwenden.
Diskussion führen: Suchen Sie einen Lernpartner oder eine Lerngruppe und diskutieren Sie die Themen aus dem Interview. Das Englisch sprechen üben in einem sozialen Kontext stärkt Ihre Sprachfähigkeiten.

Indem Sie diesen Leitfaden befolgen und regelmäßig das Shadowing praktizieren, werden Sie nicht nur Ihre Sprechfähigkeiten verbessern, sondern auch ein tieferes Verständnis für komplexe Themen aus der Welt der Wirtschaft und Politik entwickeln.

Grammatik in diesem Video

Die Strukturen, die der Sprecher am häufigsten verwendet, mit den genauen Worten aus dem Video:

Struktur	Im Video
Passiv be + Partizip Perfekt – wichtig ist, was geschieht, nicht wer es tut	was given · are deprived · being criticized
Relativsätze who / which + Satz – eine Zusatzinformation über eine Person oder Sache	people who are · independence, which is · those who have
Present Perfect have/has + Partizip Perfekt – eine vergangene Handlung, die jetzt noch wichtig ist	have revolutionized · has never been · have talked

Was ist die Shadowing-Technik?

Shadowing ist eine wissenschaftlich fundierte Sprachlerntechnik, die ursprünglich für die professionelle Dolmetscherausbildung entwickelt und durch den Polyglotten Dr. Alexander Arguelles populär gemacht wurde. Die Methode ist einfach aber wirkungsvoll: Du hörst englisches Audio von Muttersprachlern und wiederholst es sofort laut — wie ein Schatten, der dem Sprecher mit nur 1–2 Sekunden Verzögerung folgt. Anders als passives Hören oder Grammatikübungen zwingt Shadowing dein Gehirn und deine Mundmuskulatur, gleichzeitig echte Sprachmuster zu verarbeiten und zu reproduzieren. Studien zeigen, dass es Aussprachegenauigkeit, Intonation, Rhythmus, verbundene Sprache, Hörverständnis und Sprechflüssigkeit signifikant verbessert — was es zu einer der effektivsten Methoden für die IELTS Speaking-Vorbereitung und reale englische Kommunikation macht.

Shadowing-Technik: die vollständige Schritt-für-Schritt-Anleitung lesen →

Shadowing-Übung: Amartya Sen interview (1999) - Englisch Sprechen Lernen mit Video

Christopher Hitchens interview (1996)

Bernardo Bertolucci interview (1994)

What is the Capability Approach to development?

ENGLISH SPEECH | AKASH BANERJEE: India’s Path (English Subtitles)

Cornel West: How Intellectuals Betrayed the Poor | Big Think

Peter Singer | It Is NOT Immoral To Be A Billionaire (8/8) | Oxford Union

Anna Lembke on Pleasure, Pain, and Recovery in a Dopamine-Driven World

The uncomfortable truth | Yuval Noah Harari

The Liberalism to Fascism Pipeline (Neoliberalism Explained)

Aung San Suu Kyi: Nobel Peace Prize Lecture

Health is all about people – it’s time to invest in social participation!

Daniel Johnson | Islam Is Not A Peaceful Religion | Oxford Union

Eco 155: Principles of Macroeconomics Class 1

Malcolm X: "Democracy Is Hypocrisy" – Speech on Police Brutality & Justice

Kontext & Hintergrund

Top 5 Phrasen für die tägliche Kommunikation

Schritt-für-Schritt Shadowing-Leitfaden

Grammatik in diesem Video

Was ist die Shadowing-Technik?