Shadowing Practice: Amartya Sen interview (1999) - Learn English Speaking with Video
בחר מצב תרגול
כל מצב פותח חדר תרגול במסך מלא.
193 משפטים
אם המשפטים קצרים או ארוכים מדי, לחץ על ערוך כדי להתאים אותם.
1
Mark Yassin is the winner of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Economics.
2
He was given the award for "restoring an ethical dimension to
3
the discussion of economic problems." His writings have revolutionized the theory of development by focusing on the importance of freedom over wealth.
4
In his new book, "Development as Freedom," he allows economics to address the social basis of the well -being of the individual.
5
I am pleased to have him on this broadcast as we
6
always are to have someone here who brings piercing insight into issues
7
that are part of not only the discussion in the United States, but the world.
8
Welcome.
9
Thank you very much.
10
This notion of how you feel about markets.
11
and democracy, and how you feel about growth economics, working best in an economic environment that is,
12
in a political environment that's a democracy, or a political environment that is a totalitarian.
13
Stay.
14
Yes, well I think what I'd like to think of in this context is to go with behind the institutions and
15
The main approach, which actually the book also does pursue,
16
is that the very basic thing which leads to social change and progress is ultimately individual freedom.
17
But individual freedom, of course, is also conditional on certain social opportunities being available, political opportunities, economic opportunities.
18
And my claim is that the freedoms of different kinds complement each other, just as I was mentioning in the case of the rise.
19
a communal riot, so people didn't have economic freedom, had to go into hostile area and got killed.
20
So economic freedom gives you more liberty there also.
21
Similarly, I think political freedom gives voice.
22
democracy, civil rights, open media, public discussion like we are having now, gives voice to the people who are deprived.
23
And you make the point.
24
Well taken, it seems, that at a time of a famine,
25
A democracy is more likely to put a break on a famine than a totalitarian state.
26
It's not only more likely, that's radically so.
27
There has never been a famine in a democratic country, even very poor ones, like Zimbabwe, Botswana, India.
28
India continues to have famine, right up to independence, which is the last one that occurred, which I saw as a child I was mentioning.
29
But if you look at the famines today, they're all in countries that are totalitarian.
30
Well, if you think of North Korea, Sudan, if you think of the past, the biggest famine in record history, China, 58, 61, 30 million people dead.
31
Soviet Union in the 1930s, military dictatorship, one kind or another,
32
Ethiopia, Somalia, Mozambique, Angola, one after another.
33
And it happens because in a democracy the protest, the public voice would not allow and tolerate.
34
Yeah, I would say that there are two things.
35
You may be very lucky and may have no democracy and still have no famine.
36
But if a famine were to develop, democracy provides a guarantee for stopping it because famines are extremely easy to stop.
37
And this was one of my earlier works.
38
I did a book.
39
published in 1981 called Poverty and Famines, showing why famines occur because of really decline on the fortunes of a very small group of people,
40
maybe millions, but still proportionately very small.
41
And you can very easily stop it, even without getting any kind of assistance from abroad.
42
And if a government has an incentive to do it, it can always stop a famine extremely easily.
43
So that led to the second part.
44
How can it do it if it has an incentive?
45
Well, if it doesn't have an incentive, then it couldn't do it.
46
But what I was saying that if it did have an incentive to do it, then it can carry it out very easily.
47
So the economic analysis led me to the political one, and it was quite clear that in a democracy, if you have to fight another election,
48
and not like being criticized by opposition parties, and not like being hoisted up by newspapers and the media,
49
you would actually do something about preventing famines and that's extremely easy to do.
50
And that's why, you know, even though China was in many ways doing better than India right from the beginning, from the middle of the century,
51
nevertheless, India was much better able to stop famine than China
52
because when the famine occurred
53
and about 10 million people were dying in China each year through that period after the Great Leap Forward failed,
54
there was no criticism of the government.
55
People didn't even know that people were dying in such numbers.
56
We now know from demographic statistics of the Chinese themselves.
57
Another aspect of this, obviously, which you have talked about, and written about is whether you look at Singapore as one example, Yes.
58
economic growth and a different political structure.
59
And then you look at some democracies likewise in Africa, where the most progressive economic growth is taking place in a democratic establishment.
60
So what rule do we bring out of that?
61
I think those who have studied these kind of issues like Robert Barrow, my old colleague from Harvard and others,
62
Przorsky, Limogier and others, find that actually as far as economic growth is concerned, there is no connection one way or the other very much about democracy.
63
It's much more concerned with the friendliness of the economic climate rather than harshness of the political climate.
64
development in terms of human security, then I think democracy has a role.
65
I mean, one good example would be that East Asian, South Korea, Indonesia, Thailand, Southeast Asia,
66
they were all doing terribly well, and people somehow didn't miss democracy at that time when everything seemed to be going up and up together.
67
and the absence of a democracy were badly felt.
68
And naturally in South Korea and Indonesia, these became the big moments of democratic movement, and not surprisingly at all.
69
Explain this to me and you will understand this much better.
70
And I've never quite understood the reasons why.
71
Here in this United States, we have a booming stock market We're creating enormous wealth for certain
72
percentage of people The notion is that the rising tide raises all boats,
73
Yet we have a growing disparity between wealthy and poor.
74
An income inequality.
75
How is that possible.
76
Charlie, can I go beyond that?
77
Yes.
78
There is not only income inequality, that could be bad enough.
79
But I think that's not where the real problem is.
80
The real problem is the inequality of basic freedom to live in a way that you would like to live.
81
And that includes living long, living a life without illnesses, living in a peaceful, happy surrounding, and so on.
82
And if you think about that, you see the lack of health care in the United States, the lack of insurance about health care, despite the richness of the country,
83
I mean it's coming back to the political discussion right now, it's actually a little scandalous.
84
You know, whether 43 million people not having medical insurance, whether that's an exaggeration or not, certainly a very large number of people are.
85
And sometimes it's our good, but in fact it doesn't make any difference.
86
But if you look at the mortality differences between different regions of the country, and between different classes, and and between different races.
87
African Americans, for example, as a group, have a lower chance of reaching any kind of age beyond 15 than the Chinese
88
or the Indians in Kerala or Sri Lankans and so on.
89
And why is that?
90
Well, I think to some extent, lack of medical insurance plays a part.
91
Educational failure plays a part.
92
And sometimes it's thought that this is all connected with violence.
93
And indeed, that some violence is high and that's also a social malaise.
94
And family structure and lots of other things.
95
Actually, in the book I study and go beyond that, even if you take beyond the age of 35, then death from violence is no longer a factor.
96
And look at women, you see similar deprivation.
97
And the overall impact is just radically...
98
different from what the picture on income comparison would look like.
99
That is, if you take the African American, It's quite often said African Americans are relatively deprived compared with American whites.
100
But they're not absolutely deprived, nor are they relatively deprived compared to the third world.
101
Now that's true in terms of income.
102
They may have income 30, 40 times, the Chinese or the Indian.
103
On the other hand, The life expectancy of African Americans in this city, in New York, or in San Francisco,
104
or in Washington, is several years lower than that in India or Pakistan on an average. And
105
if you took those - The life expectancy in the inner
106
city of New York in many cases is lower than that of - African American, I'm talking about.
107
Male African American.
108
Yeah.
109
And the male African American rates are very low, like 58 years.
110
that's dramatically low in comparison with income.
111
And you have to ask the question, what's gone wrong?
112
And I think here, it's not just a question of having a democracy, but also what kind of issues could be forcefully practiced.
113
That's why I'm so delighted that to some extent this issue is returning back into American electoral politics.
114
Because without that, you won't have any change, really.
115
Because I think the - I thought that in the discussion of both Gore and Bradley,
116
at least it's...
117
You're right, it is.
118
Senator Bradley is trying to raise...
119
Senator Bradley is trying to raise this as an issue...
120
I'm meeting at one occasion, I must say, I greatly admire him.
121
I think it's wonderful if he can bring those issues into the story.
122
But you know, each area, it's peculiar.
123
In Europe, you could not have survived with the kind of healthcare situation.
124
No government would have the chance of winning an election.
125
Mr. All right, but that's what I want to get at too, because for a second, if you look at the economics and the reality of healthcare and those kinds of numbers,
126
rather than income equality, it's much more dramatic and blatant and powerful. as a condition.
127
Yeah.
128
Why do you think, even though you're expertise in your scholarly work is economics and not politics.
129
Why do you think the body politic allows that in this country?
130
I would like to believe, naively, that we are a good people who care about our neighbors.
131
Well, I think that's an extremely interesting question, and you're quite right.
132
As an economist, I hesitate to speak on it.
133
But I must say, political analysis of it.
134
requires to go much deeper into this because there are peculiar arbitrariness.
135
In America, you can get by without health insurance being a political issue in the way you can't in Europe.
136
In Europe, you can get by with double -digit unemployment levels, which no US government could have survived on.
137
In India, you cannot to have a famine, but you can survive with a regular undernourishment of a kind which is very peculiarly strong.
138
You could get away with it, and you change it.
139
You could get away in India on gender inequality.
140
It wasn't politicized, but thanks to the feminist movements and others now, and a general political change,
141
women's inequality has become a big politicized issue.
142
So I think it's a question of really
143
the opportunity of the political leadership and the vision of the political leadership to see some of these issues.
144
And I think if the medical care issue is strongly politicised, I think you'd get the kind of response that you would get in Europe.
145
And that's why I remain ultimately very hopeful on that.
146
But you can't really do a certain change without at the same time affecting public opinion and public discussion.
147
MR. And then you can get to the interesting debate on how to do something about it.
148
And therefore, honorable people can differ.
149
over how to treat the illness, but once they've got to make a commitment that there ought to be, It's unacceptable.
150
- Yes.
151
in terms of healthcare, in terms of education, in terms of children's nutrition, in terms of all those things, that affect - Yes, absolutely.
152
And I think there's no substitute to having active public discussion.
153
I mean, so far as my book is trying to do anything, it's trying to draw public attention to certain things which we do know on the basis of economic, political, social analysis.
154
And its bearing and development is interpreted here very widely.
155
It applies to America, it applies to Europe, as well as to India and China and Africa and Latin America.
156
discussion, which is really the main thing
157
that the book is trying to present in terms of identifying the various kinds of unfreedom.
158
It could be political unfreedom, it could be social opportunity unfreedom, and so on.
159
MR. Development as freedom.
160
There are many people I know.
161
who I respect and admire for their achievements, who believe that Freedom and free markets are one and the same thing.
162
I think that's just nonsense.
163
I mean, free markets are quite an important contribution to development.
164
I mean, even somebody like Karl Marx in the capital thought
165
that the American Civil Wars was the most important event of his time, on grounds that it got people out of slavery into a market economy,
166
into a great economy.
167
And yet, you need to supplement the market economy by so many other things, democracy, democracy.
168
public expenditure.
169
Great guru of market economy, Adam Smith, goes on and on on the need for public education, need for poverty relief, in fact.
170
So I think in many ways one has to place the market economy - Thank you.
171
as one institutional aspect of a multi -institutional world.
172
And anyone who wants to identify free market with freedom is as mistaken as someone who would take the view
173
that you can dispense with market in the pursuit of freedom.
174
You need to see it in a much wider context.
175
I fear asking this, but I'm tempted to anyway, and generally I follow temptation.
176
What's the best idea you ever had?
177
Thank you.
178
Oh, good God.
179
I don't know.
180
I think probably some of the ideas that I would be more pleasantly, rather more technical than easy to discuss.
181
I mentioned that the novella was connected with social choice theory.
182
There were issues of aggregation and so on, and there were these.
183
Kenneth Arrow had an impossibility theorem showing why you cannot and your decision leads to inconsistencies.
184
And really the hard work to a great extent was how you can broaden the informational input into the social analysis.
185
I think to some extent that has played a part in all these things.
186
The need to have a much wider informational structure to know much more, not just one small thing,
187
not just income, but also how people's lives go, their health care, their educational arraignment, these turn out to be quite crucial in both the technical
188
mathematical problems in dealing with impossibility as well as in terms
189
of public discussion problems in making a change in the world in which we actually live.
190
These ideas and others are discussed in this book, Development is Freedom, winner of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Economics.
191
Thank you for joining us.
192
See you next time.
193
Bye.
הורד אפליקציה
כל מה שאתה צריך כדי לדבר בשטף
הגיית AIציון לכל משפט
תרגול IPAשלוט בכל צליל
אוצר מיליםבנה את מאגר המילים שלך
משחק אוצר מיליםלמד תוך כדי משחק
אותו ערוץ
FOR YOU
המלץ על סרטון
C180
16 משפטים
What is the Capability Approach to development?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C110
221 משפטים
ENGLISH SPEECH | AKASH BANERJEE: India’s Path (English Subtitles)
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C144
43 משפטים
Why Socrates Hated Democracy
British AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
56 משפטים
Aung San Suu Kyi: Nobel Peace Prize Lecture
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
311 משפטים
Eco 155: Principles of Macroeconomics Class 1
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C13
510 משפטים
Anna Lembke on Pleasure, Pain, and Recovery in a Dopamine-Driven World
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
240 משפטים
Why This Is the Most Exciting Time to Be Human | Ken Ono, Axiom Math
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
98 משפטים
Dr Maszlee Malik argues Islam is like democracy: it is not perfect - but they are compatible 6/8
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C17
319 משפטים
Secretary Marco Rubio Remarks at Munich Security Conference
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepBusiness English
C112
109 משפטים
Creating Capabilities – Martha Nussbaum
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C14
105 משפטים
POLITICAL THEORY - Karl Marx
British AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B21
85 משפטים
Social mobility and education: DISCUSSION - BBC Newsnight
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה
שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה C1 מבוסס על הסרטון “Amartya Sen interview”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: economic, famine, democracy, freedom, issue. בסרטון הזה יש 193 משפטים ו-2571 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 15:59. הדובר מדבר בקצב טבעי של כ-161 מילים בדקה, קרוב לשיחה יומיומית. 86% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית; כדאי ללמוד את השאר לפני שמתחילים.
אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה
15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| famine שם עצם | /ˈfæm.ɪn/ | רָעָב |
| inequality שם עצם | /ˌɪn.ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/ | אי־שוויון, אִי־שִׁוְיוֹן |
| incentive שם עצם | /ɪnˈsɛntɪv/ | תמריץ |
| totalitarian שם תואר | /ˌtoʊtəlɪˈtɛɹiən/ | טוֹטָלִיטָרִי |
| expectancy שם עצם | /ɪkˈspɛktənsi/ | תּוֹחֶלֶת |
| admire פועל | /ədˈmaɪɹ/ | הֶעֱרִיץ |
| exaggeration שם עצם | /ɪɡˌzæd͡ʒəˈɹeɪʃən/ | הגזמה, ניפוח |
| criticize פועל | /ˈkɹɪtɪsaɪz/ | ביקר |
| dictatorship שם עצם | /ˈdɪkteɪtəɹʃɪp/ | דִּיקְטָטוּרָה |
| communal שם תואר | /kəˈmjuː.nəl/ | קהילתי, קהילתית |
| theorem שם עצם | /ˈθiərəm/ | מִשְׁפָּט |
| temptation שם עצם | /ˌtɛmpˈteɪʃən/ | פיתוי |
| digit שם עצם | /ˈdɪd͡ʒɪt/ | סִפְרָה |
| hesitate פועל | /ˈhɛz.ə.teɪt/ | היסס |
| interpret פועל | /ɪnˈtɜː.pɹɪt/ | דּוֹבֵב |
Phrasal verbs שתשמעו
| מילה | משמעות |
|---|---|
| go up פועל | עָלָה |
משפטים שכדאי לחזור עליהם
משפטים קצרים ושלמים מהסרטון שאפשר להשתמש בהם בשיחה יומיומית:
- Charlie, can I go beyond that?
- Because without that, you won't have any change, really.
- Why do you think the body politic allows that in this country?
- I think that's just nonsense.
- What's the best idea you ever had?
דקדוק בסרטון הזה
המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:
| מבנה | בסרטון |
|---|---|
| סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה | was given · are deprived · being criticized |
| משפטי זיקה (Relative clauses) who / which + clause — מידע נוסף על אדם או דבר | people who are · independence, which is · those who have |
| הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיו | have revolutionized · has never been · have talked |
הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה
הדובר משתמש ב-25 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו I'm, didn't, you're. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.
- הצלילים של “th”: theorem /ˈθiərəm/, mathematical /ˌmæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪ.kəl/, ethical /ˈɛθɪkəl/
- הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: informational /ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃənəl/, institutional /ˌɪn.stɪˈtju.ʃə.nəl/, aggregation /æɡɹəˈɡeɪʃən/, deprivation /ˌdɛp.ɹɪˈveɪʃən/, exaggeration /ɪɡˌzæd͡ʒəˈɹeɪʃən/
- מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: inequality /ˌɪn.ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/, totalitarian /ˌtoʊtəlɪˈtɛɹiən/, expectancy /ɪkˈspɛktənsi/, impossibility /ɪmˌpɑsɪˈbɪliti/, informational /ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃənəl/
צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:
- /w/ — שפתיים מעוגלות, לא /v/: inequality /ˌɪn.ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/, likewise /ˈlaɪkˌwaɪz/
- /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: famine /ˈfæm.ɪn/, radically /ˈɹædɪkli/, aggregation /æɡɹəˈɡeɪʃən/, disparity /dɪˈspæɹɪti/, exaggeration /ɪɡˌzæd͡ʒəˈɹeɪʃən/
- /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: deprive /dɪˈpɹaɪv/, totalitarian /ˌtoʊtəlɪˈtɛɹiən/, radically /ˈɹædɪkli/, admire /ədˈmaɪɹ/, aggregation /æɡɹəˈɡeɪʃən/
איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה
- הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
- התחילו במהירות 0.75×, תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט, וחזרו למהירות רגילה כשזה מרגיש קל.
- הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו famine, inequality, incentive.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.