Shadowing Practice: 30 Chess Tips: How To Defend (Beginner to Advanced) - Learn English Speaking with Video

30 chest tips to help you defend better and stop losing games the second you're attacked.

And as always, the first 10 tips are for beginners, the next 10 tips are for intermediate players, and the final 10 tips are for advanced players.

So let's get into it.

Tip number one is a preventative measure so that you're not defending nearly so often.

So in beginner games, I want you to castle your king as soon as you can.

A lot of times I see beginners go for attacks before their king is castled.

So what I want you to do instead, castle as soon as you can so that you're not defending from an attack before move 10.

Tip number two is that you want to be careful of your F2 or F7 square, the F pawn essentially right in front of your king.

This is the only pawn in your position that's only guarded by the king and many, many times in openings with tricks in them.

When players are trying to win fast against you, it is going to be right on this F7 pawn.

So be extra extra careful your opponents will try to jump in

and collect or win material by jumping into your f7 pawn

or f2 pawn so be careful with

that pawn tip number three another weak square in your position

that beginners will very often lose material to and

that is your c7 pawn

so not only do you have to watch out for your f7

or f2 pawn you also have to watch out for your c pawn being attacked.

So very often your opponent will use a bishop and knight going for this fork between your king and rook.

So be extra, extra careful.

If you see a bishop point at that c pawn and also a bishop point at your f pawn, just like in the last tip,

be very wary of tricks that your opponent might have.

Tip number four, another defending tip that beginners of course need.

It would not be a beginner defending video

if we didn't talk about the early queen attack now the early queen attack is not good

but it can be very good if you don't know how to defend against it

so if the queen gets brought early brought out early

and attacks your undefended e -pawn do not get hit with the trap of trying to attack the queen

and kick it out

that is exactly what they want your undefended e -pawn you will lose your rook in the corner

so first do not be scared of the queen you need to guard your e pawn you can do

that with a knight you can do

that with a d pawn the knight is better uh and

if they bring their bishop out pointing out your f7 pawn

just like we talked about your weak pawn uh do not now attack the queen you will get checkmated

so there there are too many tricks on your f7 pawn

and with the queen out early

so just make sure everything's protected here now you can push the g6 pawn kicking out the queen

because only because your knight's guarding the square now

if you're a beginner and lose a lot of times two early queen attacks

and you don't even want to deal with this sort of

situation you can bring your queen out to either e7

or f6 you can bring your queen out

and what your queen will do is guard the F7 square and the E5 square or pawns.

So you can either bring your queen out here or here.

Now, the reason people don't do it is because it gets in the way of the knight.

The knight wants to come here and the bishop also wants to come through this.

But if you are losing a ton of games, you can put your queen here.

You don't want to learn more things.

You can just reroute your knight out this way instead.

Tip number five is to always be aware of your opponent's checks on you.

This is a very important defending tip, okay?

So your opponent goes here.

That knight was defending the rook.

Oh, it's not defending the rook anymore.

Let's take.

Not even thinking about what your opponent will do.

Ultimately, this comes down to beginners not thinking about their opponent's moves at all.

You get a free rook.

Nope, not free at all.

You lose your queen.

So be careful of your opponent's checks and captures.

Essentially, just think to yourself, what is my opponent going to play after I make this move?

And if you do that, you will climb a ton of rating.

Tip number six is that the queen and king are the worst defenders in chess, and that is because they are the most valuable.

They're not inherently bad at defending, but they are the worst pieces to defend other pieces with because they are so valuable.

So here your knight's being attacked if you for some reason didn't want to take

and you wanted to move your queen to guard this knight your queen is a defender

but it is a it is not a good defender because of how easily it can be attacked and kicked away

So in this position, moving the pawn to attack your queen, your queen can no longer stay on any squares to defend your knight.

And this is a problem only because your queen is so valuable that whenever it's attacked, it has to move.

It has to move away.

If this was a bishop, for example, you could take the knight, and then if they take your bishop, you can save your knight.

Or if they take your knight, you can save your bishop.

But when your queen's in danger, you don't have the luxuries of making those decisions.

Tip number seven is if you can, your valuable pieces that we just went over in the last tip, your valuable pieces, your king and queen,

you want to keep them off of the same diagonals and off of the same files as each other.

So here, there's a nice pin on the knight against the queen, and you don't want to move onto the same diagonals

if you can help it sorry same diagonals as each other

if you can help it

and you don't want to move onto the same files as each other

because they will very often get lost you will lose your queen

when you when it's on the same file

or diagonal as the king two rooks different tactics these pins

you will lose it a lot to these pins on the diagonal from bishops

so if you can help it just try and keep your king

and queen off of the same diagonals and files from each other.

Tip number eight, in the opening, when you are defending against a player that has moved their pawns, only their pawns, and I know this happens a ton at the beginner level,

when you are defending against this, you are responsibly developing all your pieces like you know you should be.

But there are two steps that I want you to follow when this is happening to you.

The first one is, well, if they're attacking your bishop

when your opponent puts a pushes a bunch of pawns it's

actually way easier than you think to trap your bishop on the edge of the board

so don't trap bishops but the first step is

that i want you to castle as soon as possible i don't care

that the computer says it's in inaccuracy castle as soon as possible

and then don't worry about they're pushing your pawns attacking your pieces do not worry about bringing your pieces back

because they're going to launch forward after okay after you've castled break open the middle of the board essentially

and I talk about this at length in my youtube video

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about pawns about these specific these very aggressive people in your openings

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so I'll add a card of to my other video so

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if you want a full video on this if you're a beginner

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and face this all the time I'll go into depth

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but essentially you want to break open the center of the board

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because their king that's still in the center they're still in

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the center you're castled their king is trying to use the

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pawns in the middle of the board as many shields and

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so you want to break open the center of the board

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get rid of as many pawns as many pawns in the middle of the board

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that you can so that their king doesn't have any shields tip number nine

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if your opponent has a dangerous attack against you you are

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defending against a dangerous attack there's all these pieces all these

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pieces looking near your king the easiest way to eliminate their

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attack their easiest way to defend against it is to look

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for any way you can to trade off as many pieces attacking pieces

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that they have so here instantly trade off the knight instantly trade off the bishop

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if we're scared of this attack

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which i still would be i would trade off even the

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queen here the less amount of pieces attacking pieces they have

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who's going to checkmate your king some pawns some pawns with some rooks behind it i don't think

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so without the queen especially

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on the board you will not get checkmated nearly as often

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so trading off pieces is like your best friend

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when it comes to defending against dangerous attacks tip number 10

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and a great last tip for the big intersection

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when you are castled and you are getting into the middle game

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when there's kind of some chill time in the position

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and you're looking to improve your pieces just make a little bit of luft for your king

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so in chess it's called luft it's just usually pushing your h pawn up one square making it so

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that you will never get back rank checkmated as long as

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this game goes on it i mean we're very far from being back rank checkmated here

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but this is just

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so you never have to worry about this ever you'll never get back rate checkmated in this scenario

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so make lift when there's some chill time in your games tip number 11

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and the first one into the intermediate section welcome intermediate players if you skip to the skipped ahead to this section

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you get attacked by their rook Now, very often, I see intermediate players purely reacting to their opponent's threats.

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And this is the rating range where I'd say, now you should start looking for your own threats yourself.

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Just because your opponent made a threat on you, your mode does not have to be solely defensive.

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Think about, do you have any threats of your own?

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Look for some forcing moves, look for some checks and captures in this position.

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Bang!

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We have a check removing the defender of the rook.

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Puzzles will also obviously help with this sort of thing.

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And then we win the rook here.

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If the king walks up, they get checkmated.

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If they walk back, they lose the rook.

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It is a lose -lose all because you weren't only in your defensive mode, but you're also always looking for your own threats that you can be making.

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Tip number 12, the dangerous knight.

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The dangerous knight.

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I find this to be like maybe an obvious tip, but the knight, this circle,

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this big circle that I'm highlighting, if you have two pieces on the same color in this big circle, this is a knight's range,

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then it is almost a guarantee that a knight will be able to fork these two pieces somehow.

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If they're on any of the light squares, you have a queen and king, queen and rook on any two of these squares that I'm highlighting.

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It is almost a guarantee that a knight will be able to fork those pieces.

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So in situations, the easiest defensive resources you can have is just keeping your king and queen on opposite colors.

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One in the light square, one in the dark square.

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You will never get forked by a knight.

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And this is like maybe obvious when I say it, but it's very important especially in time trouble scenarios.

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So always keep your valuable pieces on opposite colors.

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Tip number 13.

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In the intermediate range, knights are your worst enemy.

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Knights will lose you games all the time.

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So to defend against your knights, when a knight jumps into your position, you not only have to look at every single square that that knight is looking at,

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but from each of those squares can it fork any two pieces from these squares so it's a lot to do

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it is a lot to do in your head

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but you will be faster and faster at it

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but it's something you absolutely need to practice and

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if you don't even want to deal with knights jumping in

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you see a knight here there's something you can do to defensively be proactive defensively it's called

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prophylaxis prophylaxis you can move a pawn up to stop a

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knight jumping into your queen side for example by moving your c pawn

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but it i'm guessing a lot of the times you will

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have knights jump into your position look everywhere it can jump

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and from those squares any forks that are available so All right, stop losing to knights.

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Tip number 14 is I want you to stop solving problems

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from attacks on your king by pushing the pawns in front of your king.

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So for example, your opponent goes bishop h6.

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They're threatening checkmate on you.

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You can solve this problem by pushing the pawn up so that their queen can't get in.

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You can solve this problem by pushing this pawn up, getting your queen to help guard this square,

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but I want you to see if you can solve this problem not pushing these pawns.

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Very often, if you push these pawns to solve a problem in front of your king, you just create more weaknesses that you have to defend against later.

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Pawn pushes are very permanent.

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So, in this situation, let's look around.

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We find, hey, we have a nice defense without pushing our pawns in front of our king.

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So let's do that.

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Let's put our bishop back on F8.

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Also a very good defensive resource move.

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Bishop F8.

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Bishop back, tuck right next to your king to help guard the G pawn.

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So keep that move in your mind.

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But in general, don't push the pawns in front of your king if you can help it to solve problems.

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Tip number 15 is danger levels.

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This is like prime on the defensive.

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Your opponent makes a move.

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They're attacking something of you.

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You have to react to this.

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Now, before you snap, move your rook away.

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Before you snap, take the, take the threat on the defensive.

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You should always be keeping in mind danger levels, which is your opponent makes a threat.

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You, can you make an even bigger threat against them so that they can't take your piece?

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So the bigger threats than a rook are either an equal threat, which is an equal attack on their rook, the king or the queen.

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Now we have a check.

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We can attack their rook back, kind of, but they can just recapture.

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This check doesn't do anything, but this move attacks their queen and traps their queen.

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And I would guarantee, unless you are looking for this sort of move, unless you're mindfully thinking danger levels, I'm on the defensive.

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Let's see if I have a counter threat against them.

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I almost guarantee you wouldn't find this move.

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So, on the defensive, this is prime time for danger levels.

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Tip number 16 is that when you are being pawnstormed, when you're being pawnstormed against your king, you have three goals.

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The first goal is to close up the pawns in front of your king.

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These are going to act like the shields that your king is going to use to fend off the attack.

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That's your first goal.

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Close up the pawns if you can.

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Your second goal is going to be try and open up the center.

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Your opponent is focusing all of their energy on one half of the board, Pawn Storming you.

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If you can open up the center of the board, then you can force them to draw their pieces away

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and start reacting to your attacks on the other side of the board.

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Very often, if the center stays closed, the person who is attacking, Pawn Storming on one side of the board,

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will keep their advantage because they can focus all of their energy on it

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so try to draw them away by opening up the center of the board the third thing to do

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when you were getting pawn stormed or just attacked in general is to trade off pieces and especially especially

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if you can force off a trade of queens their their

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attack is no more your king will be much safer than it was uh before

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when the queens were on the board

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so these are your three goals close up pawns near your king open the center

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and trade off pieces especially the queen tip number 17 umbrella pawns

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so you are defending against a pawn storm your opponent takes

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a pawns attacking your king now a very common mistake would be to actually take this pawn it's very natural

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and very natural

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and it it's something you would do unless you learned about

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umbrella pawns here You want to actually leave this pawn here

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because it's going to act as a shield for your king to hide under.

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That's the umbrella name.

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That's where it comes from.

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This pawn is going to be a shield.

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Now, I mean, it's your opponent's pawn.

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You have to be, of course, careful of the squares it guards.

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But many, many times, not taking the pawn and using it as an umbrella, as a shield for your own king, can be very good.

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But it's even more important because your other pawns, they are also your king's shields, but your opponent can take them.

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This is like an indestructible pawn that your opponent cannot take.

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Obviously, they can't take their own pieces, but an umbrella pawn can actually be a very good thing for an unsafe king.

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So keep that in mind.

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Tip number 18, when there is a defensive job

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that you have to do for example their opponent moves a

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queen up looking for this this attack on your king

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when there is a job

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that you have to do to defend against this first of

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all i talked about how you don't want to move the pawns in front of your king to defend

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if you don't have to here g6 is actually a perfectly fine move

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but how else can we guard this h7 pawn we could push it forward

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that doesn't stop the queen coming in we can move our rook over to guard the h pawn

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or we can move our knight back in general you want

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to use your least valuable piece to do the defensive job

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so that's why before in one of the tips we brought

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our bishop all the way back to guard this square

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and for the same reason we're bringing our knight back to

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guard this pawn we're doing the defensive job with the least valuable piece

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so that our more powerful pieces like the rook can be spent completely on attacking.

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They're more powerful and we want to use them for attacking, not defending.

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Tip number 19 is that you can defend a losing position if their king is out in the open.

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So here, this was from one of my games, my king is not very active at all.

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He's actually stuck in the corner

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and this king can actually never walk up the board even

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if their king wasn't there because they would have this check trick.

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This was in another tips video.

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And the king can actually never walk towards the center because they have this trick where if I take their pawn, they have this skewering the king to the rook.

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So right now my king is very stuck.

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They have a pawn one square away from promoting.

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Their king is extremely active.

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It seems like I am completely lost in this position, but their king.

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is out in the open.

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And their king has no protection.

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So in this game, I went between giving checks to their king and guarding the pawn, my loose pawn.

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So with this king out in the open, they won't be able to make progress in the position because their king cannot hide from these checks.

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Tip number 20 and the last one in the intermediate section.

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Generally, if your king safely castled over here, if your king is attacked with the H pawn,

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so they play H4 against your king generally as a rule

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of thumb you want to respond to an h pawn push

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attacking your king with your own h pawn push stopping their pawn in the tracks because

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if you don't their pawn is going to keep trying to

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come forward here i know our knight is here protecting

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but the pawn wants to keep coming forward

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and wants to trade itself off and if you push your own h pawn it doesn't let their pawn come forward anymore.

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So as a general rule of thumb, you want to respond to h4 with h5.

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Tip number 21 and the first one into the advanced section.

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So welcome if you skip to the advanced section.

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I don't want you to be afraid of exchange sacrifices.

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So when you're defending and your opponent has an extremely powerful piece,

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a minor piece, I don't want you to be afraid to sacrifice do an exchange sacrifice for

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that piece so that goes for a bishop

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that is super super strong on the other side of the board it goes for

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if there's like an impossible knight that's close in your position to your king you can take

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that this is not always the best move to do this

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but you don't you shouldn't be so afraid of doing this

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if you have a great reason

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and you're advanced players for a reason you're going to have an idea of

298

when it would be more applicable but just in general don't be

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so afraid of this it is a it can be a

300

perfectly good move to trade off a rook for an extremely powerful minor piece tip number 22

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and similar to the last one of this general sentiment don't be too attached to your material

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so here this was an opening where the opponent gambited like just gave away two pawns for extremely active pieces

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and the general rule of thumb is don't be

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so afraid to give a pawn back so

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that you can actually start fighting back in the position

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so here for example the pawn was giving up given up to give activity to our bishop

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and our queen and this is a move in this opening

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so in general this happens most the most of the times in opening gambits

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when your opponent just keeps giving away material don't be afraid to give back material

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if you need to to stabilize your position tip number 23

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in dire situations where your king is your king is coming

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under a ton of fire there's a pawn storm all of

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the pieces are sort of pointed towards this king side

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if the other side of the board is locked up

315

or it's generally safer on that side of the board do not be

316

so afraid of doing a king walk to the other side of the board.

317

If it's safer over there and it's relatively closed, the position's relatively closed, it very often can be the best idea to just slowly,

318

it looks pretty funny, but slowly move your king over to the safer side of the board.

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Tip number 24 is that in endgames where you are defending, an active rook is worth a pawn.

320

So here, for example, their king is more active, their rook is kind of blocking any sort of progress with

321

our king our rook can't get out without them taking we

322

can't push this pawn without them taking we're in a pretty stuck situation

323

but don't be afraid to give up a pawn in order to make your rook more active

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because the that's the general rule of thumb the sentiment is

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that with an active rook you will get

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that pawn back you will make use of your active rook by either just straight up getting a pawn back

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or creating an advantage with your active rook that

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that pawn was worth giving away for tip number 25 is

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that a knight on f8 is a surprisingly good defender of your king it defends the h7 pawn

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and it actually can jump out to g6

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and join the fight much faster than it seems being on the back row

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but a knight on f8 is very good at defending

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and there's a general wisdom knight f8 no mate

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because of how good of a defender it is it can

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guard the h7 pawn it can get in the way of

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any g file attacks it is just a much better defender than it seems

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so don't forget about this resource tip number 26 do not forget about perpetual checks as a defensive resource

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so here we are down a ton of material, but with a sneaky rook sacrifice.

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we can actually bring their king out in the open.

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Their king looked much safer than it actually was because we have perpetual check being down 10 points of material here,

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but still holding a draw because of our queen and their king that was not as safe as it seemed.

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Tip number 27 is about fortresses.

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Very similar to the perpetual check sort of sentiment.

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It seems like you should be losing, but actually there are some fortress situations where your pieces are

345

coordinated well enough to where their material advantage can't break through your position.

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So here, for example, they have a queen against our rook and pawn, and I know a lot of people, myself included, that might actually resign this position,

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but it is a draw because it is a fortress

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so this is one example commonly in end games this is

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another fortress example commonly a fortress in an end game i guess the most common would be

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when they have one colored bishop

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and you have pawns on the other color than their bishop

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and your king can sort of like hide in these pawns

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and they can't use opposition

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and zook swang against you here they step up we push they either take

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and it's stalemate or they don't take and we get a queen.

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So keep in mind

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that you may be able to hold positions down even a bunch of material

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and middle games or end games perpetual checks fortresses.

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Tip number 28 is that a knight can actually be an excellent defender of your king against queen checks, even an open king like this.

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So for example, we push our pawn one square away from promotion they have a queen

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but our knight actually guards against every single check

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that they have this is this is just pure geometry a

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knight is a surprisingly good defender against a queen even

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if your king is just out in the middle of nowhere

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so definitely keep this resource in mind tip number 29

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and i think one of the most concretely useful tips

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because i think it will apply in a ton of your games

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that you're not realizing

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so your opponent just brought their knight in they're forking your queen forking your rook

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but there is a trick you can do where

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if you move your queen onto a square that is guarded

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and attacks their unguarded queen and you can do this with more than just queen

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but essentially it's that if you can move one of your pieces here for For example, to attack another undefended piece,

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it works best with queens and what I've found most concretely useful with queens.

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If their queen is undefended, that's the important part, then this works because they have to.

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They can't take this piece, their queen's hanging.

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They have to take and it allows both pieces to escape.

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Now, keep this trick in mind because, for example, if their queen was protected, like let's say we do

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that same move their queen is protected by a pawn they're just going to take our rook

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because we can't just take a free queen there's no threat

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that we're really making we just take their queen

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and at the end we've lost it you know we've lost our rook for nothing

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so the important part is that their queen has to be undefended

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and I looked it up and there's no name actually for this tactic

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so I am going to coin the term the escape hatch

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this is the new tactic the escape hatch tip number 30

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and the last tip of the video in pawn storms your

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opponent is pawn storming your king keep an eye out for this very cool looking resource

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and i'll tell you when it is the most useful so

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when they have a g

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and h pawn rolling down the board you can actually prepare both of your own g

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and h pawns up one square so that either one

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that they push forward you push up the opposite one they

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push up this one you push up the opposite one

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and what this does is obviously locks up the position

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but is a very kind of satisfying way to like say

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you know what you're coming in i dare you i dare

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you to come in now where this doesn't work is

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if they have another pawn

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if they have their a pawn on the third row for example

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if they're if they have their f pawn here this would not work

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because they could just push their f pawn up

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or the third pawn and then trade off

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and break open our position again so this works most often most consistently

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when they don't have a pawn on this third file in

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when it's just their g

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and h pawns running down the board you can say meet

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me i dare you to push one forward all right

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that is 30 defending tips don't miss the 30 attacking tips

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that was just released so i'll add it on the screen here somewhere

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and leave a like if you enjoyed or learned something leave a comment

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if you want to see a video about a specific topic subscribe to see more tips videos and go win some games.

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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección

Este vídeo tiene 412 frases y 5225 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 29:57. El hablante habla a un ritmo natural de unas 174 palabras por minuto, cercano a una conversación cotidiana. El 84 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés; conviene repasar el resto antes de empezar.

Vocabulario clave de este vídeo

15 palabras del vídeo que vale la pena aprender, con su pronunciación y significado:

Palabra	Pronunciación	Significado
pawn sustantivo	/ˈpɔːn/	peón
knight sustantivo	/ˈnaɪ̯t/	caballero, caballera
defend verbo	/dɪˈfɪnd/	defender, defensar
bishop sustantivo	/ˈbɪʃəp/	obispo
opponent sustantivo	/əˈpəʊ.nənt/	oponente, antagonista
defensive adjetivo	/dɪˈfɛn.sɪv/	defensivo, que defensa
beginner sustantivo	/bəˈɡɪnɚ/	bisoño, novato
castle sustantivo	/ˈkɑːsəl/	castillo, castro
defender sustantivo	/dɪˈfɛndə(ɹ)/	defensor, defensora
fork sustantivo	/fɔɹk/	tenedor, trinche
trick sustantivo	/ˈtɹɪk/	truco, artimaña
shield sustantivo	/ˈʃild/	escudo, chimal
solve verbo	/sɒlv/	resolver, solucionar
intermediate adjetivo	/ɪn.tə(ɹ)ˈmi.di.ət/	intermedio
fortress sustantivo	/ˈfoɹ.tɹɪs/	fortaleza

Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar

Palabra	Pronunciación	Significado
get back verbo		regresar
give up verbo		rendirse, entregar
lock up verbo	/ˌlɒk ˈʌp/	encerrar, enllavar
bring out verbo		realzar, resaltar
get out verbo		salir
give back verbo		devolver
kick out verbo		echar, poner de patitas en la calle
point out verbo		señalar, apuntar

Gramática en este vídeo

Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:

Estructura	En el vídeo
Oraciones condicionales if + oración, will/would + verbo — una condición y su resultado	if you do that, you will climb
Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo hace	is castled · being attacked · can be attacked
Present perfect have/has + participio pasado — una acción pasada que sigue importando ahora	has moved · you've castled · I've found
Oraciones de relativo who / which + oración — información extra sobre una persona o cosa	levels, which is · threat, which is · person who is

Pronunciación a tener en cuenta

El hablante usa 96 contracciones y formas reducidas, como don't, you're, they're. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.

Los sonidos de “th”: thumb /ˈθʌm/, threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/
Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: bishop /ˈbɪʃəp/, shield /ˈʃild/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, promotion /pɹəˈmoʊʃn̩/
Palabras largas — cuida el acento: intermediate /ɪn.tə(ɹ)ˈmi.di.ət/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, surprisingly /səˈpɹaɪzɪŋli/, consistently /kənˈsɪstəntli/, eliminate /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/

Cómo practicar con este vídeo

Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
Empieza a velocidad 0,75×, haz shadowing frase por frase y vuelve a la velocidad normal cuando te resulte fácil.
Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como pawn, knight, defend.

¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.

Técnica de shadowing: lee la guía completa paso a paso →

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