Shadowing Practice: PLC Programming Tutorial - Ladder Logic #3: Math and Calculations - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Hello and welcome back to Lemaster Tech
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and in today's video we'll be continuing our series on the basics of PLC programming in ladder logic programming language.
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Today we'll focus on basic math operations including multiplication, division, addition, subtraction, and then we'll talk about the calculate block which combines many of these operations together.
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If you like the content in this video
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and you've been finding these tutorials helpful please consider leaving a like on the video
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and subscribing to the channel it helps me out a ton.
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Now let's get into this tutorial.
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okay so for today's video i've just gone ahead
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and made some empty integer tags in my plc
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so we're gonna use integers we don't need reels or floats but the math that we're doing in today's video,
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you could make these floats or decimal values and they will still work.
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We're just going to use integers today to keep it simple.
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So let's go into our ladder tutorials binary block.
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It doesn't matter if you still have some of the binary code from past videos in there.
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Today, we're going to start from scratch.
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Concepts covered in these videos are applicable to generally every PLC programming platform in the world.
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Ladder diagram.
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These are standard blocks.
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Um...
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So today we're going to talk about when you hit an empty block, pretty much every PLC programming software has some version of all the basic mathematical operations.
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They have an add block.
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They have a subtract block.
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They have a...
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division block and a multiplication block And a cool thing about Tia, most platforms have some version of this.
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But if you have a block, it's very easy to change in between one and the other.
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To make this a little bit more readable, I'll put add and subtract up top.
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and I'll put multiply and divide.
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in the bottom.
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And just to talk about the sort of the variables that you're seeing on these blocks, um you're seeing input one and input two and then an output
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The easiest thing we can do to showcase these working is use one variable like my in zero.
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and put a hard -coded value in input 2.
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and then put a new integer in the output here and say myInt1.
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So what this should do is say one plus two goes into the output.
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Now let's go ahead and set all of these up at once because this isn't really the super interesting part.
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I'm gonna just sort of jump ahead to where I have my values added into each block
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so you don't have to watch it.
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Okay, and you don't have to use the same, actually it's probably better if I don't, you don't have to use the same constant for every block just to be clear.
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This is just me entering a number.
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And you could enter another variable in here too.
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If you're doing something dynamic scaling or checking states of sequence steps or anything else like that, this could also be a variable and you see addition
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and multiplication are ones where they're also okay with you adding multiple operands.
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So obviously to do addition you have to add at least two things together.
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Same with multiplication.
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But you could do a long string of multiple values, addition and multiplication on these blocks.
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It isn't there for subtraction and division because the order matters, and they can't necessarily tell if you want to divide this by this by this by this,
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or subtract this by this by this by this in what order.
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But addition and multiplication you can.
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And in just a minute we'll talk about a more complicated block that does let you combine all of these functions.
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But let's go ahead and download to the PLC just to showcase these four simple mathematical blocks.
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And we'll go ahead and write some values to these integers and we'll see what happens to the outputs.
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Okay.
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So here we see my in zero currently set to zero.
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If I change it to 50, you see my int one is just 50 plus 10.
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It's 60.
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If I change this to...
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75 My int 1 is 85.
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So the output is simply the addition of 1 plus 2.
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A little bit different over here.
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If you look at the subtract block, it's 1 minus 2.
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A little bit different, but not really.
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And if you do 20 minus 8, it's 12.
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Okay, so input 1 minus input 2 goes into input 3.
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Multiplication, 32 times 6 is 195.
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Pretty straightforward.
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You know, five times six should be 30.
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So there you go.
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Division zero divided by four zero.
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Let's make it something more interesting than zero like 26 And you see something interesting now with Tia Portal.
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If you're dividing an integer by an integer and putting it in an integer value, it will still allow that, but it's going to give you the nearest integer value.
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And so 26 divided by four.
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is obviously 6 .5.
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And if we went to 27, you're getting 6 .75, but you see it's doing floor division.
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It's rounding down.
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There's one block I wasn't necessarily going to cover because it's a little less common here, but the modulus block is sort of the fifth math block.
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And if we took this input six and we still put four down here, and we put it in a new integer value, my in eight, let's say,
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and we divide or download.
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There we go.
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You can see that if you're using integer values because booleans or sorry floats decimal values use up more memory.
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Sometimes you do just want to use an integer and know what the remainder is.
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That's what the mod block is.
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Modulus is the remainder of a division system.
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So 27 divided by four, where you want the integer value will round down to six, and so will 26 and so will 25.
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but what's changing is the remainder, so you can get the remainder separately using this modulus block.
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Okay?
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So there's addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulus.
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Alright, so that's a lot of simple math pretty fast.
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One, maybe it's useful, maybe not to you.
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One useful thing to call out is you can actually put the same input on the left side and the right side.
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of a math block so if you're doing some sort of transformation on one line of a value
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like scaling and you can say like, oh, okay, the integer that I currently have plus 10, and then store it in the same variable name.
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There's really no good reason to do that, but technically it's still valid code.
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So let's look at a real world scenario really quick where we combine a couple of these
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and to create a Celsius to Fahrenheit or Fahrenheit to Celsius converter, right?
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You can take a you know your initial value times nine and you can store that in...
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my in one
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And then you can take my int 1 as the output from there
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and store it as the input from 2 and then say divide by 5.
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Put that in my int 2.
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And then you can add my int2. To 32.
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I moved it.
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I didn't copy it.
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There we go.
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And that obviously you can store in my int.
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Three.
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So let's go ahead and download that to the PLC.
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I'm sure all those intermediates had values, but they'll get overwritten.
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Oh, this is Celsius to Fahrenheit.
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75 Celsius is quite hot.
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30 Celsius.
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Is 86 Fahrenheit.
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Okay, that math checks out.
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So we built a Celsius to Fahrenheit converter.
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I put it in my notes backwards.
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Let's actually go ahead real quick and do the same thing.
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Let's do Fahrenheit to Celsius, see it in reverse.
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Okay, and I went ahead and spared you the pain of having to watch me type it all out.
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But here we can see Fahrenheit to Celsius is the same formula but in reverse.
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It's taking, you know, some number subtracting 32 out.
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and then multiplying by 5, dividing by 10.
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So in this case, rather than 30, let's just see it in reverse.
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If it's 86 degrees Fahrenheit, it's 30 Celsius.
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This makes sense because we're seeing the same formula in reverse.
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So let's see what our Fahrenheit to Celsius converter says.
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If it's a brisk autumn day and it's 60 degrees, that's 15 celsius and you know the math should check out
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because if we go and make this 15 we should get OK, 59.
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But that's actually an interesting one because you're seeing the two different types of rounding going on by using exclusively integer values, because if these were all reals,
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they would obviously be to the decimal precision the exact same number um
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but that's actually cool you're seeing a symptom of using integers for your math
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but this is still a functioning celsius to fahrenheit and fahrenheit to celsius converter However, you may be looking at this and saying this looks kind of stupid.
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I need six integers to be able to do this math.
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You know, I have to
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output to an integer value that then goes
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and becomes the input of another block on every one of these blocks
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and no you don't that's actually where a far more useful
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block for doing multi -step calculations like this comes in
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and in Siemens it's called calculate in Allen Bradley Rockwell it's called compute so you type a CPT in
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Pretty much every Allen Bradley instruction has like a three letter or four letter
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abbreviation and CPT is the version of this that you use in Allen Bradley.
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I actually think the compute block in Rockwell is a little bit more intuitive than the calculate block in Siemens
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but They do functionally the same thing.
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And what's cool about this is I can take that same input, my int 0, which is going to be our Celsius input,
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and then I can store it to a new output that will be our secondary check.
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So my int 4, if we do this calculation right, should be the same as my in three because we're going to attempt to multiply by nine divide by 5,
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and add 32, all in this one block.
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So we're going to try to multiply by nine, divide by 5, and then add 32.
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all to my int zero.
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by tap double clicking this output or whatever your PLC IDE version of editing this is.
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And the output we reference those input variables in defining our output function.
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So we just come in here and we say, input one times input two,
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so multiply by nine, divided by input 3 divided by 5 and then plus input 4.
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So add 32.
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Okay?
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And I'm quite confident this is going to work, but let's go ahead and do the reverse version of it too so you can
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We can just get both of them knocked out at the same time.
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So we'll use that my int 5 as the input.
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And what's the next unused one?
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We'll use my int 9 as the output for this one.
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And then the only thing different here is we want to subtract by 32, multiply by 5, and divide by 9.
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I'll just keep them in that order we want to use them here.
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And this function is going to be...
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little different it's gonna be input 1 minus input 2 Fortunately, compute blocks and calculate blocks respect PEMDAS.
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It respects the order of operations, to put it more clearly.
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So we're going to use those parentheses to say do the subtraction first, and then multiply by input 3 and divide by input 4.
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Uh, that was, there we go.
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I put a space in the wrong spot.
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Okay, so this is saying, you know, the input minus 32 times 5 divided by 9.
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Okay, so if we did our math correctly and I'm something of a math whiz, Let's go ahead and download.
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So we did the kind of step show each step using each block one at a time
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and we have 15 converts up to 59 and then we have 60 converts down to 15.
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We see the same thing happening here.
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So if we say Celsius 22 degrees.
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71 degrees Fahrenheit well let's say if we have 72 degrees Fahrenheit it converts down to 22 degrees Celsius.
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So 75, 23, yeah I guess I saw that coming.
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19 would convert up to 66.
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Okay, so this is a pretty solid basic introduction to math and simple Mathematical operations in ladder programming for Siemens.
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And so we'll probably do an advanced math video at some point in the future, but those come up far less frequently than the ones we covered today.
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Hopefully you found this useful.
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Hopefully you've been enjoying the series.
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If there's a specific concept you want to see covered in the video.
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in a video, be sure to let me know about in the comments below.
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As always, thank you for watching.
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Don't forget to like the video, subscribe to the channel, and see you next time.
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Thanks.
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Bye.
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About This Lesson
In this lesson, you will practice speaking skills as you engage with the concepts presented in a tutorial on Ladder Logic programming for PLC (Programmable Logic Controllers). The focus will be on understanding basic mathematical operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as the use of calculation blocks in programming. By following along with the video, you will enhance your technical vocabulary and improve your ability to communicate complex ideas clearly and effectively in English.
Key Vocabulary & Phrases
- Integer: A whole number that can be positive or negative.
- Variable: A symbol used to represent an unknown value.
- Add block: A programming element that performs addition.
- Subtract block: A programming element that performs subtraction.
- Binary block: A basic unit in programming that deals with two states: on and off.
- Hard-coded value: A fixed value directly written into the code.
- Operands: Values or variables used in a mathematical operation.
- Download to PLC: The process of transferring programming logic to the PLC device.
Practice Tips
To make the most of this learning experience, consider using the shadowing technique. This method involves listening to the video and immediately repeating what you hear, mimicking both the speed and tone of the speaker. As you practice, pay attention to the nuances of technical language presented, which is essential for effective communication in engineering contexts.
While watching the video, use a shadowing app to slow down or replay sections that you find particularly challenging. This will allow you to focus on difficult phrases or vocabulary, helping to reinforce your understanding. Aim to learn English with YouTube, as this interactive method can make technical topics much more accessible and engaging.
By incorporating shadowspeak into your practice routine, you will not only enhance your technical speaking abilities but also build confidence in expressing advanced ideas in English. Don’t hesitate to pause the video if needed, allowing you to perfect your pronunciation and ensure you are grasping the material fully.
¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.