Pratica di Shadowing: PLC Programming Tutorial - Ladder Logic #3: Math and Calculations - Impara a parlare inglese con YouTube
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Hello and welcome back to Lemaster Tech
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Hello and welcome back to Lemaster Tech
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and in today's video we'll be continuing our series on the basics of PLC programming in ladder logic programming language.
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Today we'll focus on basic math operations including multiplication, division, addition, subtraction, and then we'll talk about the calculate block which combines many of these operations together.
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If you like the content in this video
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and you've been finding these tutorials helpful please consider leaving a like on the video
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and subscribing to the channel it helps me out a ton.
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Now let's get into this tutorial.
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okay so for today's video i've just gone ahead
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and made some empty integer tags in my plc
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so we're gonna use integers we don't need reels or floats but the math that we're doing in today's video,
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you could make these floats or decimal values and they will still work.
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We're just going to use integers today to keep it simple.
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So let's go into our ladder tutorials binary block.
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It doesn't matter if you still have some of the binary code from past videos in there.
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Today, we're going to start from scratch.
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Concepts covered in these videos are applicable to generally every PLC programming platform in the world.
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Ladder diagram.
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These are standard blocks.
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Um...
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So today we're going to talk about when you hit an empty block, pretty much every PLC programming software has some version of all the basic mathematical operations.
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They have an add block.
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They have a subtract block.
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They have a...
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division block and a multiplication block And a cool thing about Tia, most platforms have some version of this.
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But if you have a block, it's very easy to change in between one and the other.
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To make this a little bit more readable, I'll put add and subtract up top.
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and I'll put multiply and divide.
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in the bottom.
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And just to talk about the sort of the variables that you're seeing on these blocks, um you're seeing input one and input two and then an output
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The easiest thing we can do to showcase these working is use one variable like my in zero.
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and put a hard -coded value in input 2.
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and then put a new integer in the output here and say myInt1.
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So what this should do is say one plus two goes into the output.
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Now let's go ahead and set all of these up at once because this isn't really the super interesting part.
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I'm gonna just sort of jump ahead to where I have my values added into each block
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so you don't have to watch it.
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Okay, and you don't have to use the same, actually it's probably better if I don't, you don't have to use the same constant for every block just to be clear.
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This is just me entering a number.
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And you could enter another variable in here too.
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If you're doing something dynamic scaling or checking states of sequence steps or anything else like that, this could also be a variable and you see addition
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and multiplication are ones where they're also okay with you adding multiple operands.
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So obviously to do addition you have to add at least two things together.
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Same with multiplication.
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But you could do a long string of multiple values, addition and multiplication on these blocks.
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It isn't there for subtraction and division because the order matters, and they can't necessarily tell if you want to divide this by this by this by this,
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or subtract this by this by this by this in what order.
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But addition and multiplication you can.
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And in just a minute we'll talk about a more complicated block that does let you combine all of these functions.
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But let's go ahead and download to the PLC just to showcase these four simple mathematical blocks.
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And we'll go ahead and write some values to these integers and we'll see what happens to the outputs.
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Okay.
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So here we see my in zero currently set to zero.
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If I change it to 50, you see my int one is just 50 plus 10.
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It's 60.
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If I change this to...
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75 My int 1 is 85.
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So the output is simply the addition of 1 plus 2.
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A little bit different over here.
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If you look at the subtract block, it's 1 minus 2.
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A little bit different, but not really.
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And if you do 20 minus 8, it's 12.
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Okay, so input 1 minus input 2 goes into input 3.
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Multiplication, 32 times 6 is 195.
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Pretty straightforward.
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You know, five times six should be 30.
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So there you go.
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Division zero divided by four zero.
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Let's make it something more interesting than zero like 26 And you see something interesting now with Tia Portal.
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If you're dividing an integer by an integer and putting it in an integer value, it will still allow that, but it's going to give you the nearest integer value.
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And so 26 divided by four.
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is obviously 6 .5.
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And if we went to 27, you're getting 6 .75, but you see it's doing floor division.
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It's rounding down.
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There's one block I wasn't necessarily going to cover because it's a little less common here, but the modulus block is sort of the fifth math block.
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And if we took this input six and we still put four down here, and we put it in a new integer value, my in eight, let's say,
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and we divide or download.
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There we go.
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You can see that if you're using integer values because booleans or sorry floats decimal values use up more memory.
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Sometimes you do just want to use an integer and know what the remainder is.
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That's what the mod block is.
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Modulus is the remainder of a division system.
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So 27 divided by four, where you want the integer value will round down to six, and so will 26 and so will 25.
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but what's changing is the remainder, so you can get the remainder separately using this modulus block.
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Okay?
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So there's addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulus.
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Alright, so that's a lot of simple math pretty fast.
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One, maybe it's useful, maybe not to you.
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One useful thing to call out is you can actually put the same input on the left side and the right side.
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of a math block so if you're doing some sort of transformation on one line of a value
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like scaling and you can say like, oh, okay, the integer that I currently have plus 10, and then store it in the same variable name.
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There's really no good reason to do that, but technically it's still valid code.
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So let's look at a real world scenario really quick where we combine a couple of these
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and to create a Celsius to Fahrenheit or Fahrenheit to Celsius converter, right?
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You can take a you know your initial value times nine and you can store that in...
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my in one
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And then you can take my int 1 as the output from there
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and store it as the input from 2 and then say divide by 5.
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Put that in my int 2.
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And then you can add my int2. To 32.
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I moved it.
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I didn't copy it.
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There we go.
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And that obviously you can store in my int.
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Three.
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So let's go ahead and download that to the PLC.
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I'm sure all those intermediates had values, but they'll get overwritten.
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Oh, this is Celsius to Fahrenheit.
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75 Celsius is quite hot.
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30 Celsius.
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Is 86 Fahrenheit.
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Okay, that math checks out.
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So we built a Celsius to Fahrenheit converter.
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I put it in my notes backwards.
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Let's actually go ahead real quick and do the same thing.
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Let's do Fahrenheit to Celsius, see it in reverse.
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Okay, and I went ahead and spared you the pain of having to watch me type it all out.
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But here we can see Fahrenheit to Celsius is the same formula but in reverse.
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It's taking, you know, some number subtracting 32 out.
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and then multiplying by 5, dividing by 10.
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So in this case, rather than 30, let's just see it in reverse.
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If it's 86 degrees Fahrenheit, it's 30 Celsius.
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This makes sense because we're seeing the same formula in reverse.
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So let's see what our Fahrenheit to Celsius converter says.
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If it's a brisk autumn day and it's 60 degrees, that's 15 celsius and you know the math should check out
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because if we go and make this 15 we should get OK, 59.
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But that's actually an interesting one because you're seeing the two different types of rounding going on by using exclusively integer values, because if these were all reals,
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they would obviously be to the decimal precision the exact same number um
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but that's actually cool you're seeing a symptom of using integers for your math
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but this is still a functioning celsius to fahrenheit and fahrenheit to celsius converter However, you may be looking at this and saying this looks kind of stupid.
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I need six integers to be able to do this math.
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You know, I have to
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output to an integer value that then goes
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and becomes the input of another block on every one of these blocks
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and no you don't that's actually where a far more useful
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block for doing multi -step calculations like this comes in
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and in Siemens it's called calculate in Allen Bradley Rockwell it's called compute so you type a CPT in
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Pretty much every Allen Bradley instruction has like a three letter or four letter
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abbreviation and CPT is the version of this that you use in Allen Bradley.
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I actually think the compute block in Rockwell is a little bit more intuitive than the calculate block in Siemens
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but They do functionally the same thing.
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And what's cool about this is I can take that same input, my int 0, which is going to be our Celsius input,
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and then I can store it to a new output that will be our secondary check.
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So my int 4, if we do this calculation right, should be the same as my in three because we're going to attempt to multiply by nine divide by 5,
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and add 32, all in this one block.
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So we're going to try to multiply by nine, divide by 5, and then add 32.
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all to my int zero.
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by tap double clicking this output or whatever your PLC IDE version of editing this is.
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And the output we reference those input variables in defining our output function.
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So we just come in here and we say, input one times input two,
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so multiply by nine, divided by input 3 divided by 5 and then plus input 4.
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So add 32.
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Okay?
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And I'm quite confident this is going to work, but let's go ahead and do the reverse version of it too so you can
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We can just get both of them knocked out at the same time.
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So we'll use that my int 5 as the input.
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And what's the next unused one?
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We'll use my int 9 as the output for this one.
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And then the only thing different here is we want to subtract by 32, multiply by 5, and divide by 9.
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I'll just keep them in that order we want to use them here.
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And this function is going to be...
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little different it's gonna be input 1 minus input 2 Fortunately, compute blocks and calculate blocks respect PEMDAS.
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It respects the order of operations, to put it more clearly.
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So we're going to use those parentheses to say do the subtraction first, and then multiply by input 3 and divide by input 4.
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Uh, that was, there we go.
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I put a space in the wrong spot.
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Okay, so this is saying, you know, the input minus 32 times 5 divided by 9.
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Okay, so if we did our math correctly and I'm something of a math whiz, Let's go ahead and download.
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So we did the kind of step show each step using each block one at a time
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and we have 15 converts up to 59 and then we have 60 converts down to 15.
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We see the same thing happening here.
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So if we say Celsius 22 degrees.
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71 degrees Fahrenheit well let's say if we have 72 degrees Fahrenheit it converts down to 22 degrees Celsius.
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So 75, 23, yeah I guess I saw that coming.
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19 would convert up to 66.
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Okay, so this is a pretty solid basic introduction to math and simple Mathematical operations in ladder programming for Siemens.
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And so we'll probably do an advanced math video at some point in the future, but those come up far less frequently than the ones we covered today.
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Hopefully you found this useful.
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Hopefully you've been enjoying the series.
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If there's a specific concept you want to see covered in the video.
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in a video, be sure to let me know about in the comments below.
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As always, thank you for watching.
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Don't forget to like the video, subscribe to the channel, and see you next time.
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Thanks.
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Bye.
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