Pratique du Shadowing: Controlling Your Dopamine for Motivation, Focus & Satisfaction | Huberman Lab Essentials - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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Welcome to Huberman Lab Essentials, where we revisit past episodes for the most potent and actionable science-based tools for mental health,
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physical health, and performance.
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I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of Medicine.
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Today, we are going to talk all about dopamine and what drives you to do the things that you do.
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We're going to talk about motivation and desire and craving, but also how dopamine relates to satisfaction and our feelings of wellbeing.
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So let's talk about dopamine.
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If ever you've interacted with somebody who just doesn't seem to have any drive, they've given up, or if you've interacted with somebody who seems to have endless drive and energy,
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what you are looking at there in those two circumstances is
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without question a difference in the level of dopamine circulating in their system.
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Dopamine is what we call a neuromodulator.
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Neuromodulators are different than neurotransmitters.
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Neurotransmitters are involved in the dialogue between neurons, whereas neuromodulators influence the communication of many neurons.
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In the nervous system, what this means is
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that dopamine release changes the probability that certain neural circuits will be active and that other neural circuits will be inactive.
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So how does dopamine work and what does it do?
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Well, first of all, it is not just responsible for pleasure.
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It is responsible for motivation and drive also for craving.
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Those three things are sort of the same, motivation, drive, and craving.
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It also controls time perception.
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This turns out to be important to not end up addicted to substances, but it also turns out to be very important to sustain effort and be a happy person over long periods of time,
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which I think most everybody wants.
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Dopamine is also vitally important for movement.
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I'll explain the neural circuits for dopamine and mindset and dopamine in movement in a moment,
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But in diseases like Parkinson's or Lewy body's dementia, which is similar to Parkinson's in many ways,
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there's a depletion or death of dopamine neurons at a particular location in the brain, which leads to shaky movements,
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challenges in speaking, challenges in particular in initiating movement.
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And because dopamine is depleted elsewhere too,
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people with Parkinson's and Lewy body dementia also experience drops in motivation and affect,
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meaning mood, they tend to get depressed and so on.
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When those people are properly treated, they can recover some fluidity of movement, some ability to initiate movement,
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and almost without question, those people feel better psychologically, not just because they can move, but also because dopamine impacts mood and motivation.
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So what are the underlying neural circuits?
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You have two main neural circuits in the brain that dopamine uses in order to exert all its effects.
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One mainly for movement, right?
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This is the substantia nigra to dorsal striatum.
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And we've got this other pathway, the so-called mesocortical limbic pathway that's for reward, reinforcement, and motivation.
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Now, the other things I understand about dopamine is that the way
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that dopamine is released in the brain and body can differ.
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There's local release, what we call synaptic release, and then there's volumetric release.
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So volumetric release is like dumping all this dopamine out into the system.
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So dopamine is incredible because it can change the way
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that our neural circuits work at a local scale and at a very broad scale.
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So if I were to just put a really simple message around dopamine,
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it would be, there's a molecule in your brain and body that when released tends to make you look outside yourself,
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pursue things outside yourself, and to crave things outside yourself.
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Dopamine is a universal currency in all mammals, but especially in humans for moving us toward goals
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and how much dopamine is in our system at any one
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time compared to how much dopamine was in our system a few minutes ago,
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that dictates your so-called quality of life and your desire to pursue things.
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This is important.
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Your experience of life and your level of motivation
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and drive depends on how much dopamine you have relative to your recent experience.
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This is why when you repeatedly engage in something that you enjoy, your threshold for enjoyment goes up and up and up.
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So I want to talk about that process
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and I want to explain how that process works because
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if you understand that process and you understand some of these schedules and kinetics as we call them around dopamine,
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you will be in a terrific position to modulate and control your own dopamine release for optimal motivation and drive.
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While most experiences and most things that we do and take and eat and et cetera, won't create enormous highs and enormous lows in dopamine,
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even subtle fluctuations in dopamine really shape our perception of life and what we're capable of and how we feel.
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And so we want to guard those and we want to understand them.
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All of us have different baseline levels of dopamine.
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Some of this is sure to be genetic.
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Some people just simply ride at a level a little bit higher.
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Some people are a little less excitable.
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What dopamine does is dopamine really colors the subjective experience of an activity to make it more pleasurable,
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to make it something that you want more of.
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So what sorts of activities, what sorts of things increase dopamine And how much do they increase dopamine?
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Well, let's take a look at some typical things that people do out there or ingest out there.
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And let's ask how much dopamine is increased above baseline.
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Chocolate will increase your baseline level of dopamine 1.5 times, okay?
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So it's a pretty substantial increase in dopamine.
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It's transient, it goes away after a few minutes or even a few seconds.
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Sex, both the pursuit of sex and the act of sex increases dopamine two times.
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Nicotine, in particular nicotine that is smoked like cigarettes and so forth,
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increases dopamine two and a half times above baseline.
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It is very short lived.
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Cocaine will increase the level of dopamine in the bloodstream two and a half times above baseline.
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And amphetamine, another drug that increases dopamine,
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will increase the amount of dopamine in the bloodstream 10 times above baseline, a tremendous increase in dopamine.
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Exercise.
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Now, exercise will have a different impact on the levels of dopamine, depending on how much somebody subjectively enjoys that exercise.
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So if you're somebody who loves running, chances are it's going to increase your levels of dopamine two times above your baseline,
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not unlike sex.
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People who dislike exercise will achieve less dopamine increase or no increase in dopamine from exercise.
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And if you like other forms of exercise like yoga or weightlifting or swimming or what have you,
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again, it's going to vary by your subjective experience of whether or not you enjoy that activity.
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This is important and it brings us back to something that we talked about earlier.
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Remember that mesocortico limbic pathway?
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Well, the cortical part is important.
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The cortical part actually has a very specific part, which is your prefrontal cortex.
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The area of your forebrain that's involved in thinking and planning
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and involved in assigning a rational explanation to something and involved in assigning a subjective experience to something.
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So certain things, chemicals have a universal effect.
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They make everybody's dopamine go up.
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So some people like chocolate, some people don't, of course, but in general, it causes this increase in dopamine.
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But sex, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine, those things cause increases in dopamine in everybody that takes them.
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Now I've been alluding to this dopamine peaks versus dopamine baseline thing since the beginning of the episode.
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Now let's really drill into what this means and how to leverage it for our own purposes.
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In order to do that, let's take a step back and ask, why would we have a dopamine system like this?
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Why would we have a dopamine system at all?
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Well, we have to remember what our species' primary interest is.
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Our species, like all species, has a main interest, and that's to make more of itself.
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It's not just about sex and reproduction, it's about foraging for resources.
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Resources can be food, it can be water, it can be salt, can be shelter, can be social connection.
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Dopamine is the universal currency of foraging and seeking, right?
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We call, sometimes talk about motivation and craving, but what we mean in the evolutionary adaptive context, what we mean is foraging and seeking,
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seeking water, seeking food, seeking mates, seeking things that make us feel good and avoiding things that don't make us feel good,
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but in particular, seeking things that will provide sustenance
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and pleasure in the short term and will extend the species in the long term.
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Once we understand that dopamine is a driver for us to seek things, it makes perfect sense as to why it would have a baseline level and it would have peaks,
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and that the baseline and peaks would be related in some sort of direct way.
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Here's what I mean by that.
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Let's say that you were not alive now, but you were alive 10,000 years ago,
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and you woke up and you looked and you realized you had minimal water and you had minimal food left.
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You need to be able to generate the energy to go seek those things.
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So dopamine drives you to go out and look for things.
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Maybe you hunt an animal and kill it, or you find an animal that was recently killed and you decide to take the meat.
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You are going to achieve, or I should say, experience some sort of dopamine release.
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You found the reward, that's great, but then it needs to return to some lower level.
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Why?
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Well, because if you just stayed there, you would never continue to forage for more.
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It doesn't just increase your baseline and then stay there.
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It goes back down.
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And what's very important to understand is that it doesn't just go back down to the level it was before.
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It goes down to a level below what it was before you went out seeking that thing.
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We really all have a sort of dopamine set point.
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And if we continue to indulge in the same behaviors
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or even different behaviors that increase our dopamine in these big peaks over and over and over again,
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we won't experience the same level of joy from those behaviors or from anything at all.
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Now that has a name, it's called addiction, but even for people who aren't addicted,
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even for people don't have an attachment to any specific substance or behavior, this drop below baseline after any peak in dopamine is substantial
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and it governs whether or not we are going to feel motivated to continue to pursue other things.
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Fortunately, there's a way to work with this such that we can constantly stay motivated, but also keep that baseline of dopamine at an appropriate healthy level.
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Earlier, we were talking about how dopamine is released between neurons, and I mentioned two ways.
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One is into the synapse, where it can activate the postsynaptic neuron, and the other was what I called volumetric release, where it is distributed more broadly.
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It's released out over a bunch of neurons.
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In both cases, it's released from these things we call synaptic vesicles, literally little bubbles, tiny, tiny little bubbles that contain dopamine.
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They get vomited out into the area or into the synapse.
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We can only deploy dopamine that is ready to be deployed.
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That's packaged in those little vesicles and ready to go.
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It's just the readily releasable pool.
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And now it should make perfect sense why if you take something or do something that leads to huge increases in dopamine,
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afterward, your baseline should drop because there isn't a lot of dopamine around to keep your baseline going.
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Fortunately, most people do not experience or pursue enormous increases in dopamine leading to these severe drops in baseline.
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Many people do, however, and that's what we call addiction.
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When somebody pursues a drug or an activity that leads to huge increases in dopamine, and now you understand that afterward,
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the baseline of dopamine drops because of depletion of dopamine, the readily releasable pool, The dopamine is literally not around to be released.
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And so people feel pretty lousy.
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And many people make the mistake of then going and pursuing the dopamine evoking, the dopamine releasing activity or substance again,
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thinking mistakenly that it's going to bring up their baseline.
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It's going to give them that peak again.
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Not only does it not give them a peak, their baseline gets lower and lower because they're depleting dopamine more and more and more.
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And eventually what typically happens is they will stop getting dopamine release from that activity as well.
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And then they drop into a pretty serious depression.
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Now, of course, we all should engage in activities that we enjoy.
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The key thing is to understand this relationship between the peaks and the baseline and to understand how they influence one another.
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So let's talk about the optimal way to engage in activities or to consume things that evoke dopamine.
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How are we supposed to engage with these dopamine evoking activities in ways that are healthy and beneficial for us.
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How do we achieve these peaks, which are so central to our wellbeing and experience of life without dropping our baseline?
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And the key lies in intermittent release of dopamine.
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The real key is to not expect or chase high levels of dopamine release every time we engage in these activities.
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Intermittent reward schedules are the central schedule by which casinos keep you gambling,
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the central schedule by which elusive partners or potential partners keep you texting and pursuing on either side of the relationship.
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Intermittent schedules are the way that the internet and social media and all highly engaging activities keep you motivated and pursuing.
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There's something called dopamine reward prediction error.
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When we expect something to happen, we are highly motivated to pursue it.
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If it happens, great, we get the reward.
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The reward comes in various chemical forms, including dopamine.
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And we are more likely to engage in that behavior again.
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This is the basis of casino gambling.
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This is how they keep you going back again and again and again, even though on average, the house really does win.
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You can transplant that example to any number of different pleasureful activities.
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Now, some activities naturally have this intermittent property woven into them, right?
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We sometimes have classes that we like and other classes we don't like.
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We don't always get straight A's.
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Sometimes we don't get rewarded with the outcome that we would like.
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But understand that your ability to experience motivation
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and pleasure for what comes next is dictated by how much motivation and pleasure and dopamine you experienced prior.
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There's one exception, which is caffeine because it does upregulate these D2, D3 receptors.
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So it actually makes whatever dopamine is released by
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that activity more accessible or more functional within the biochemistry and the pathways of your brain and body.
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While coffee or tea or other forms of caffeine will have this effect of increasing dopamine receptors,
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yerba mate, something I've talked about before on this podcast, has some interesting properties.
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First of all, it contains caffeine.
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It's also high in antioxidants.
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It also contains something called GLP-1, which is favorable for management of blood sugar levels.
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Yerba mate, it turns out, has also been shown to be neuroprotective specifically for dopaminergic neurons.
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Ingestion of yerba mate
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and some of the compounds within yerba mate can actually serve
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to preserve the survival of dopamine neurons in both the movement-related pathway and the motivation pathway.
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If one were going to consume caffeine, you might consider consuming that caffeine in the form of yerba mate,
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both for sake of upregulating dopamine receptors and getting more of a dopamine increase, and of course for the stimulant properties of caffeine,
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if that's what you're seeking.
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And in addition to that, because yerba mate does appear to have some sort of neuroprotective and in particular dopamine neuron protective properties.
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There's also evidence that two substances that greatly increase dopamine,
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namely amphetamine and cocaine, can cause long-term problems with the dopaminergic pathways.
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This is largely based on a study that was published some years ago, 2003, and the title of the paper pretty much tells the story,
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Amphetamine or Cocaine Limits the Ability of Later Experience to Promote Structural Plasticity in the Neocortex and Nucleus Accumbens.
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Neocortex is the outer shell of the brain,
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more or less, and the nucleus accumbens is part of that mesolimbic dopamine pathway for motivation, drive, and reinforcement.
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Neuroplasticity, of course, is the brain's ability to change in response to experience,
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and neuroplasticity is the basis of learning and memory and essentially remodeling of our neural circuitry in positive ways of all kinds.
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And this study was really one of the first to show
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that ingesting amphetamine and cocaine because of the high peak in dopamine that it creates and the low dopamine state,
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the baseline drop that it creates afterwards limits plasticity and learning subsequent to taking amphetamine and cocaine.
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This should serve as a serious cautionary note that amphetamine and cocaine not only can cause a drop in baseline dopamine,
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but can actually put the brain into a state in which it cannot learn and modify itself to get better, at least for some period of time.
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There are activities that we can do that will give us healthy,
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sustained increases in dopamine, both the peaks when they happen and to maintain or even increase our baseline levels of dopamine.
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What are some of these activities?
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Well, in recent years, there's been a trend toward more people doing so-called cold exposure, getting into cold showers, taking ice baths,
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exposing oneself to cold water of various kinds can in fact increase our levels of dopamine as well as the neuromodulator, neuro-apinephrine.
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First of all, some of the safety parameters.
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Let's establish those first.
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Getting into very, very cold water, you know, 30 degree Fahrenheit or even low 40 degree Fahrenheit can put somebody into a state of cold water shock.
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I mean, people can die doing that.
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So obviously you want to approach this with some caution, but for most people getting into 60 degree water
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or 50 degree water can have tremendously beneficial results on your neuromodulator systems, including dopamine.
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What temperature of water you can tolerate will depend on how cold water adapted you are
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and how familiar you are with the experience of getting into cold water.
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Now the study human physiological responses to immersion into water of different temperatures.
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It's a really interesting study.
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They looked at people getting exposed to water that was warm, moderately cold, or very cold.
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Upon getting into cold water, the changes in adrenaline and noradrenaline, epinephrine and norepinephrine were immediate.
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But then what was interesting is they observed that dopamine levels started to rise somewhat slowly and then continued to rise
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and reach levels as high as 2.5 times above baseline.
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That's a remarkably high increase.
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Why would that be good?
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Up until now, I've basically said, getting increases in dopamine are detrimental to your baseline.
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Well, this does appear to raise the baseline of dopamine for substantial periods of time.
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And most people report feeling a heightened level of calm and focus after getting out of cold water.
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So cold water exposure turns out be a very potent stimulus for shifting the entire milieu,
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the entire environment of our brain and body and allowing many people to feel much, much better for a substantial period of time.
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It can be very stimulating.
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So typically doing it early in the day, it's going to be better.
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Some people will indeed do that seven days a week, other people, three days a week, other people every once in a while.
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What I can say is once you become cold water adapted, Once it no longer has the same impact of novelty,
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then it will no longer evoke this release.
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Now I'd like to talk about the positive aspects of rewards for our behavior
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and the negative aspects of rewards for our behavior.
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And from that, I will suggest a protocol by
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which you can achieve a better relationship to your activities and to your dopamine system.
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In fact, it will help tune up your dopamine system for discipline, hard work, and motivation.
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Hard work is hard.
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Most people work hard in order to achieve some end goal.
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End goals are terrific and rewards are terrific, whether or not they are monetary, social, or any kind.
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However, because of the way that dopamine relates to our perception of time,
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working hard at something for sake of a reward that comes afterward
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can make the hard work much more challenging and make us much less likely to lean into hard work in the future.
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Let me give you a couple examples by way of data and experiments.
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There's a classic experiment done actually at Stanford many years ago in which children in nursery school and kindergarten drew pictures.
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And they drew pictures because they like to draw.
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The researchers took kids that like to draw and they started giving them a reward for drawing.
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The reward generally was a gold star or something that a young child would find rewarding.
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Then they stopped giving them the gold star.
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And what they found is the children had a much lower tendency to draw on their own, no reward.
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Now, remember, this was an activity that prior to receiving a reward, the children intrinsically enjoyed and selected to do.
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What this relates to is so-called intrinsic versus extrinsic reinforcement.
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When we receive rewards, even if we give ourselves rewards for something,
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we tend to associate less pleasure with the actual activity itself that evoked the reward.
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If you get a peak in dopamine from a reward, it's going to lower your baseline.
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And the cognitive interpretation is that you didn't really do the activity because you enjoyed the activity, you did it for the reward.
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It's also important to understand that dopamine controls our perception of time.
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When we engage in an activity, let's say school or hard work of any kind or exercise,
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because of the reward we are going to give ourselves or receive at the end,
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we actually are extending the time bin over which we are analyzing or perceiving that experience.
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And because the reward comes at the end,
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we start to dissociate the neural circuits for dopamine and reward that would have normally been active during the activity.
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And we have the experience of less and less pleasure from that particular activity while we're doing it.
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Now, this is the antithesis of growth mindset, which is this striving to be better, to be in this mindset of I'm not there yet,
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but striving itself is the end goal.
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And that of course delivers you to tremendous performance has been observed over and over and over again, that people that have growth mindset,
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kids that have growth mindset end up performing very well because they're focused on the effort itself.
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And all of us can cultivate growth mindset.
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The neural mechanism of cultivating growth mindset involves learning to access the rewards from effort and doing.
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And that's hard to do because you have to engage this prefrontal component of the mesolimbic circuit.
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You have to tell yourself, okay, this effort is great.
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This effort is pleasureful what you find over time is
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that you can evoke dopamine release from the friction and the challenge that you happen to be in.
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The beauty of this mesolimbic reward pathway is that it includes the forebrain.
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So you can tell yourself the effort part is the good part.
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I know it's painful.
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I know this doesn't feel good, but I'm focused on this.
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I'm going to start to access the reward.
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You will find the rewards, meaning the dopamine release inside of effort if you repeat this over and over again.
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And what's beautiful about it is that it starts to become reflexive for all types of effort.
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When we focus only on the trophy, only on the grade, only on the win as the reward, you undermine that entire process.
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So how do you do this?
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You do this in those moments of the most intense friction, you tell yourself that in that moment,
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you are doing it by choice and you're doing it because you love it.
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The ability to access this pleasure from effort aspect of our
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dopaminergic circuitry is without question the most powerful aspect of dopamine and our biology of dopamine.
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And the beautiful thing is it's accessible to all of us.
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And just to really underscore the things that can interfere with and prevent you from getting dopamine release from effort itself,
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don't spike dopamine prior to engaging in effort And don't spike dopamine after engaging in effort.
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Learn to spike your dopamine from effort itself.
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Along the lines of how dopamine and dopamine schedules
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and our perception of things can shape the way that we experience things as pleasureful or not.
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There are beautiful studies, mainly looking at sugar appetite and our sense of pleasure from sweet things, but also for savory foods, et cetera.
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And essentially the results that come out of this are the following.
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If you ingest something that you like, it tastes good to you, but then you ingest something that's even sweeter or even more savory,
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and then you go back to the food that you ate previously, well, you don't like it as much.
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And that might seem like a duh, obviously, but that shift in perception can be blocked by blocking the shift in dopamine.
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And so this really speaks to these peaks and valleys in dopamine
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that I mentioned before
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and how your experience of anything is going to depend on your prior experience of other things that evoke dopamine.
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Big dopamine release makes it more challenging to experience more big dopamine release.
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So dopamine is one of those things that you don't want too high or too low for too long.
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It's all about staying in that dynamic range, and that's going to be different for everybody.
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Now, there are circumstances in which increasing levels of dopamine is desirable and advantageous and clinically helpful.
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Good example of this would be the drug Welbutrin, also called Bupyron, which increases dopamine and norepinephrine.
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Welbutrin and Bupyron was developed as an alternative treatment for depression because some people who take the so-called SSRI,
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selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, which as the name suggests, increase serotonin, suffer from serotonin-related side effects,
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things like decreased appetite, decreased libido, or sometimes increased appetite, or other side effects that they don't want.
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And Wellbutrin seems to avoid the sexual side effects.
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It can blunt appetite and these sorts of things because of the increase in norepinephrine and dopamine
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increases levels of motivation and craving, but also can create a state of elevated alertness
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that can sometimes get in the way of healthy eating and things of that sort.
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So one has to work with their clinician, as a psychiatrist, it is a prescription drug, in order to find the dosage of oil butrin that's correct for them.
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And of course, there are a lot of people out there who are seeking
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to increase their baseline levels of dopamine without taking any prescription pharmaceutical compounds.
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Many people have turned to the use of L-tyrosine.
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L-tyrosine is an amino acid precursor to L-DOPA, so it lies further up the dopamine synthesis pathway.
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And nowadays, it's very common because L-tyrosine is sold over the counter in the United States,
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that people will take L-tyrosine as a way to get more energized, alert, and focused.
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L-tyrosine is typically taken in capsule form or powder form, anywhere from 500 to 750 to 1,000 milligrams.
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And the timescale for increasing dopamine is about 30 to 45 minutes after ingestion, dopamine levels start to peak.
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Of course, if you have a preexisting dopaminergic condition, So schizophrenia or psychosis of any kind,
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bipolar, anxiety, and L-tyrosine will not be good for you.
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And if you don't, you should just understand and expect that it's going to lead to an increase in dopamine.
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You'll certainly feel an elevated state.
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For some of you, that might be agitating.
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For some of you, that might be really pleasurable.
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And then you will feel a crash afterwards.
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I do use L-tyrosine from time to time for enhancing focus and motivation, but I want to emphasize from time to time,
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I've never been one to take L-tyrosine regularly in order to focus or train or do any kind of mental work.
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I don't want to experience the drop in dopamine that inevitably occurs some period of time afterwards.
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Now there is one compound that you are all familiar with and you've probably actually taken without realizing it that increases dopamine.
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And that's something called PEA for phenyl ethylamine, technically beta phenyl ethylamine.
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PEA is found in various foods, chocolate just happens to be one enriched in PEA and can increase synaptic levels of dopamine.
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I personally take PEA from time to time as a focus and work aid in order to do intense bouts of work.
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Again, I don't do that too often.
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It's usually for mental work.
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And I will take 500 milligrams of PEA and I'll take 300 milligrams of alpha GPC.
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It leads to a sharp, but very transient increase in dopamine that lasts about 30 to 45 minutes.
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And at least in my system, I found to be much more regulated and kind of even than something like L-tyrosine.
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And so while it's fun to think about pharmacology
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and underlying neural circuitry and cold water baths
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and all these different things related to dopamine schedules and reward mechanisms
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and attaching reward to effort and all the various things
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that we've talked about today in terms of science and tools and protocols, I'd be remiss if I didn't include that social connections,
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close social connections in particular, at least essential to stimulating the dopamine pathways.
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So the take-home message there is quite simple.
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Engage in, pursue quality, healthy social interactions.
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I know I've covered a lot of material today.
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I've really tried hard to focus on things that lie directly within the dopamine pathway and circuitries,
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as well as things that directly stimulate those pathways and circuitries.
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I realize in giving you a lot of information about science and mechanism, all the way from psychological and biological to circuitry and synaptic transmission,
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volumetric transmission and so forth, that it might seem overwhelming.
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The most important things to understand are that these dopamine pathways really are under your control.
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And the locus of control resides in the fact
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that your previous levels of dopamine are influencing your levels of dopamine right now.
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And your current levels of dopamine
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and where you take them next will influence your dopamine levels in the next days and weeks to come.
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And last, but certainly not least, thank you for your interest in science.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette vidéo contient 365 phrases et 5232 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 32:49. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 159 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. Seuls 80 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| reward nom | /ɹɪˈwɔɹd/ | récompense, salaire |
| baseline nom | /ˈbeɪslaɪn/ | référence |
| motivation nom | /ˈmoʊ.tə.veɪ.ʃən/ | motivation |
| pathway nom | /ˈpæθˌweɪ/ | voie |
| engage verbe | /ɪnˈɡeɪd͡ʒ/ | attirer l'attention |
| neural adjectif | /ˈnʊɹəl/ | neural |
| pursue verbe | /pɚˈsu/ | poursuivre |
| cocaine nom | /koʊˈkeɪn/ | cocaïne |
| mindset nom | /ˈmaɪn(d)ˌsɛt/ | état d'esprit, disposition d'esprit |
| afterwards adverbe | /ˈæf.tɚ.wɚdz/ | après, ultérieurement |
| perception nom | /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/ | perception |
| caffeine nom | /ˈkæfiːn/ | caféine |
| craving nom | /ˈkɹeɪ.vɪŋ/ | désir ardent |
| substantial adjectif | /səbˈstænʃəl/ | substantiel |
| substance nom | /ˈsʌbstəns/ | substance |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Sens |
|---|---|
| go back verbe | rentrer, retourner |
| end up verbe | se terminer, se finir |
| go out verbe | sortir |
| go up verbe | monter, s'élever |
| turn out verbe | se finir, se terminer |
| bring up verbe | élever |
| give up verbe | se rendre |
| go away verbe | partir, s'en aller |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 54 contractions et formes réduites, comme don't, I've, I'm. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: pathway /ˈpæθˌweɪ/, bath /bɑːθ/, threshold /ˈθɹɛʃ(h)oʊld/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: motivation /ˈmoʊ.tə.veɪ.ʃən/, perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/, substantial /səbˈstænʃəl/, exposure /ɪkˈspəʊ.ʒə(ɹ)/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: motivation /ˈmoʊ.tə.veɪ.ʃən/, universal /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/, mechanism /ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme reward, baseline, motivation.
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | you've interacted · I've talked · has also been shown |
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | are involved · is depleted · is released |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | somebody who just · dementia, which is · somebody who loves |
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.