Pratique du Shadowing: How to Be a More Interesting Person - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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Welcome back to Excuse My Grandma.
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It's Kim and my co-host.
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Grandma Gail.
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We were just talking because I actually got a compliment on my outfit from you before we started.
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I love that.
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I think you look so pretty in the shirt and I love pink on you.
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This is like a Grandma Gail shirt.
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I feel like you have this.
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Everybody is showing button downs this fall.
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I mean, every picture.
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Like a pink linen button down is very you.
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I like it.
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But I always ask you what I think about my outfit almost every time that we film.
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Yeah.
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And you got my approval.
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And most of the time you have my approval.
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So a few things that are sometimes that I don't love.
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Well, I don't always listen to you, which is proof that I do have like a good sense of self, I think.
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You have your own, your own look.
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Or I just want you to tell me that I look good.
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Maybe.
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Both.
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A little of each.
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But I thought we could talk about how to have a strong sense of self and like what actually makes someone interesting.
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Okay.
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So not their shirt.
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No, not their shirt.
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I think it goes deeper than that.
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I thought what was like when I was thinking about what to chat about,
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your generation wasn't constantly being told to like find themselves and what makes someone like,
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you know, with our generation, I feel like it's a lot about branding and what's my personal brand.
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And there's like a lot of thought that goes into it.
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yet I feel like you and your generation are some of the most like recognizable people
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and you know you know what you like you know you don't like you know where you want to go
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and when you want to leave and what everyone should be wearing
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and you basically like created your own branding without probably putting
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that kind of thought into it but I feel like my generation has endless ways to express ourselves, but we can also still feel very unsure about who we are.
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Well, I think you're, firstly, I'm going to take a little opposite feeling on this conversation about my generation.
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First of all, my generation was the 50s and 60s, where we basically copied whatever was in the magazines.
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Everybody wanted to look like so-and-so, whoever they might, whoever the latest star was that Hollywood was pushing out
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or that was on the limited amount of TV that you watched.
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So that was, women really didn't come into their own sense of style, I don't think until the late 60s,
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when the women really went through a revolution.
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So I think that's when you see, and a lot of women of my age really had to fight for that identity.
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So Once they got the identity, they stuck with it and were very sure of themselves
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because they knew that they were doing an uphill battle to create something that was individual to them.
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Otherwise, they were like out of a pattern that Singer sewing machine used to send out.
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Everybody looked the same.
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Everybody dressed the same.
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Everybody reacted the same.
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So I think what's happened was
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so we finally got there probably in the late 90s and then your whole generation was just coming into itself,
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being born and creating, and you had all the self-doubt because basically you could be anything.
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And when you have a choice of everything, I think you have more issues about what you should choose from.
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It's like if you had eight flavors of ice cream in front of you, you become paralyzed, but you don't know which one you want.
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Right.
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It's freeing because you'll get to choose whichever one you want, but it's also more confusing or overwhelming.
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Well, did you ever consciously think about the kind of person you wanted to be?
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Like, when did you first know who you were?
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Well, I think I always knew who I was in the sense that I liked certain things in my educational background.
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I liked the idea that I enjoyed history.
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So I knew that was where I wanted.
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I thought I was going to do something in law, do something along those lines that didn't happen
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but i liked it i liked i liked listening to my grandparents
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and my parents discuss different ideas i mean we were always talking about ideas at the family gatherings um
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so i sort of inherited that um inquisitiveness on topics um did we always follow them
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because we had very very different viewpoints we all respected each other's viewpoints
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but i grew up with two brothers who are completely different and had two different philosophies and how to live lives.
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And I had a different philosophy.
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So you can come from the same family,
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the same background, and you all grow up with your own take on what the issue is and perspective.
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Like we, I think we sometimes think that finding ourselves requires discovering something completely new, but I think a lot of the time it is going back to childhood.
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And it's adapting how you want to see yourself to the standards
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that have come through through your mother your father your sister your brothers your aunts your uncles
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and i and your community yeah and of course it manifests in different ways
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but i think when i'm kind of doing this exploration now
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because like you know we have excuse my grandma
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but also i do have my personal account
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that i want to expand expand and like figure out what
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that is and like some projects that i can do on my own
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and you have to think a a lot about if people know this, if they're like in content creation about like, what is my personal brand?
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And I've been struggling with that, but then I'm like, okay, I've always loved storytelling.
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Like when I was little, even like we did that book together, like you came over and like, we illustrated a little book that we made up.
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And I always loved watching old movies.
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And like, I had my dad, my dad always tells this story.
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Like we, there was no such thing as like Googling a screenplay.
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And I loved Mary Martin's Peter Pan and we would play it on the VHS and then I would be like, I couldn't write.
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So I'd be like, pause.
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Now write that down in the computer.
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And so we could like recreate the screenplay.
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I don't know why, I guess just so I could look at it.
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So like stories and dialogue and all these things.
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Well, you would be a great teacher.
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So you would be very interesting.
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It feels late for that.
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Maybe not.
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Oh, I don't think so.
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I don't think it's never too late.
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Yeah, that's true.
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But you would really be a very good teacher.
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You were a very good mentor to people when you were in high school and you would, and your creativity is very,
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very needed to help young people really see their goals.
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I think, I really think that's a, could be something for you.
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Maybe.
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I mean, I always had my diaries that I'd write in.
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And then in high school, I loved creative writing.
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In college, I did a lot of poetry writing.
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I joined like a slam poetry club for a hot minute.
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And then obviously after school, working in like media, news, it's all storytelling.
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It's all storytelling.
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It's very, very much the same thing.
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Yeah.
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And podcasting wasn't something I randomly invented.
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Like, obviously, the format was new, but there was an instinct there, like, OK, I want to document and perform in some way.
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And it's been there the whole time.
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So I think you talked about, like, things that when you were young, you saw in yourself.
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And then, like, are there things you can you return to now?
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Well, not really.
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You know, you try to impart wisdom to people around you that you've learned through the years.
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but can I, I can't really give somebody my experience.
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My experience was really singular to me.
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I mean, how you have a relationship with perhaps your brother or your grandmother, like we have, that's an individual relationship,
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but you can give other people the, some hints on how to develop it and how to stay with it
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so that other people can develop what their strong suit is.
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Not everybody has the same strong suit.
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I always said, wouldn't it be wonderful to be able to paint or create something beautiful?
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Well, I had absolutely no talent.
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So it was no point in doing that.
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But I used to do a lot of needlepoint, other creative things that I was good at.
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But do you think having a strong sense of self means having like a passion?
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I don't know if you need a passion.
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I think you need to know where your life is going.
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You know, you can't be all over the place.
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Nobody, unless you're Elon Musk, and even he's not so good at most things, except for his brilliance.
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But I'm trying to think of even Einstein.
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You know, they all had faults.
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They all have foibles.
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They're not perfect people.
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They're geniuses in their own area.
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So I think if you stay focused on what you enjoy doing, and if you do it well, that's where you should follow.
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That's a path, a path to either personal success or financial success or however you want it.
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If you're a very good salesman, the best thing is go sell something, whether it be a house or a dress or a car.
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Certain people have the knack of doing certain things.
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You have a knack of storytelling and writing about it.
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And it will be one day I'm sure you will write a book and discuss things, how you did your career.
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You can't be all things.
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and what people get frustrated is you can't be so-and-so.
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You can't be an heir to Elizabeth Taylor or Audrey Hepburn.
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They had their own distinctive style.
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So you have to be an heir to yourself.
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And however that comes across, that's your style.
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So it's like having a very strong point of view.
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Yes, a point of view that's strictly yours.
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Whether it be right or wrong, It's your point of view.
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But open to listen to others for advice.
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That's what I was kind of going to say.
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Because I think when people think about you, they think, oh, you have a very strong personality in a great way.
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People find you very interesting.
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And I think it's because you are outspoken about that point of view.
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You're not afraid to share it.
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But I wonder if that, can you be an interesting person and have a point of view that you keep private? it?
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Well, you have to have some, it's like going to a dinner party or to somebody's house.
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And if you don't bring something to the table, you're a boring guest and you're a boring partner.
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So I think you have to develop whatever it is that your interest is.
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You have to know and have some knowledge behind you.
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Can't just blabber.
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You should have some knowledge backing your point of view, but do something that makes you interesting.
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That makes you stand out.
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Because my thing is like, I feel like I ask you questions a lot and can be quite indecisive about things.
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But I also think at the same time, like my friends would definitely say I have a very strong opinions about kind of anything.
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I think we both do.
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But I think I maybe am more like selective on when I share those opinions.
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You can't start criticizing everybody and giving everybody your opinion on every single thing.
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Whether you like somebody's shoes or dress or hair.
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Because it's like, who gives you the authority?
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Exactly.
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I mean, you know, if somebody says, do you like my dress?
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Then give your opinion.
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But I don't think anybody wants a constant conversation of your opinion.
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Right.
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So I therefore think you have to be a little careful in that.
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But you can express your own opinions on what the world is.
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Sometimes I do worry that I don't have enough to provide in a conversation when it comes to like my hobbies.
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For instance, if people say like, oh, what did you get up to?
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I can't just be like, I watched movies and went out for dinner.
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Well, that was pretty boring.
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Yeah, but it's the truth sometimes.
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So, you know, I also are running a media company.
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Sure.
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But like other than like sometimes people have specifically said other than your job.
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And I'm like, well, I start, like, my job is different in that, like, I'm kind of doing it 24-7 and trying to, like, create something.
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But at the same time, like, you have cards, you play with your friends, you have golf that you do a little bit less now.
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And I happen to love to go to art museums and things like that.
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I mean, and I guess I have that, too.
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I think you have that, too.
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And you have the theater.
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I mean, there are lots of things that you do that you don't even realize that you're doing.
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That's true.
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That makes you more of an interesting person.
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Like, you think that it's normal, but you don't realize that not everyone does something.
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Exactly.
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Exactly.
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So, I mean, we're living in a very privileged world that we have theater, we have arts right at our doorsteps.
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And we can just walk into a gallery where sometimes people
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would have to drive hours to see what we can see in about 10 minutes.
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Totally.
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I also feel like there's a lot of people maybe around
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my age who are trying out some new hobbies at this point in their life.
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A lot of them are having children and a lot of them are, you know, just starting out in their marriage.
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So that's a whole other step.
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A lot of them should be taking psychology classes
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because all of a sudden you're living together with people for the first time on a serious uh level
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and that takes a lot of effort and time and understanding
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so i think it doesn't always have to be outside sometimes you have to look within your own
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a small context of living space
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and see you know what can i do to improve this what can i do to make even
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if it's a recipe oh i saw a recipe i'm going to try it out
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and you know make a few of those things.
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Get yourself interested in things that would please your partner and you.
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I've been trying cooking.
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At one point, I like tried needlepoint for a day and then that quickly failed.
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That's our big problem.
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The thing is like, I loved the aesthetic of it.
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And then when it came down to the practice of it, I was like not interested.
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And so I was wondering like how you can tell whether you genuinely like a hobby versus like the appearance of something.
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And I think a good question to ask is like, would you still care if nobody around you knew?
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Like if you weren't posting it on social media and telling people about it, like, would you still enjoy doing it at the end of the day?
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And it's hard to find something that is like a passion like that.
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Have you ever pretended to like something?
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Oh yeah.
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All the time.
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Like what?
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I pretended in a restaurant.
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Oh, I thought the food was good because I didn't want to hurt somebody's feelings.
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It could either be the other people I was with or my husband.
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Sometimes I'll even say the show was good when I know the show is horrible.
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Yeah.
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Like you did on your third date with Poppy.
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He almost dumped you.
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But that's would have been perfect.
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But the truth is that's, that's, but I spoke my mind.
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I didn't know that.
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That's the thing.
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Like that was a strong sense of self.
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And I think.
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Well, when I was 20, nobody felt, I had no filter.
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I think I have more of a filter now.
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Stop.
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Yes.
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How could you have been worse?
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I could be.
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Wow.
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Okay.
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Well, so then you were like that then, because it seems like from my perspective, in every environment you're in, you are yourself the same.
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Do you think having a strong sense of self is the same thing as being confident?
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Yes.
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Yes.
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Because if you're confident, if you have a strong sense of self.
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Right.
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But it could look a little bit different because, again, the outspoken thing, like I always come think of this, but when we were doing the Dancing with the Stars carpet,
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I was like, I just want to talk to Alex Earl.
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Like, I think I'm a confident person, but I was like, if you weren't there, I would have been too nervous to make that happen.
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Kimmy, don't forget you are starstruck.
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There are certain things that, I mean, you, I get excited.
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You get excited.
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You want to, these are people who you put up higher than you.
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But you just walk up to be, you walk up to her.
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I really didn't care.
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You know what?
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I don't even know who the woman was.
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I really didn't care.
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And I pulled her in.
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Also, I'm thinking about like dinner parties that I go to, or whenever I meet new people, like who do I think is interesting?
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Like when I leave and I'm like, oh, that was a really interesting person.
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And I actually think a lot of the time it's the people who act interested in me.
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Like, I think it's a really interesting quality to be interested.
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And like someone who asks questions, it goes both ways.
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Like if both people in a conversation are asking each other questions and want to know more, it's so much better than like a one-sided, one-way conversation.
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So I think another way to be, like, if you don't know what to say about yourself, like to go into situations and like ask people questions and be curious about other people.
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I think that's a great first step to becoming interesting yourself.
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And I always like when people put people together who are not the same, because then you have a varied conversation at a dinner table or at a restaurant.
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If you're four of us, the give and take then is such that, you know, if you're all the same,
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you're all coming from the same kind of slant and the same conversation it gets sort of boring.
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Yeah.
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It doesn't matter.
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But if somebody's talking about economics, if somebody's talking about the theater, if somebody's talking about education, you're hearing different conversations.
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And that's interesting.
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Yeah.
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I think the way to be more interesting is to let yourself evolve
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and to actually like have a stronger identity when you hear other people's opinions, you either change yours, you strengthen yours, whatever.
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Like that is a good way to find yourself because it's like a continual lifelong project of finding yourself.
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Yes, exactly.
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And you don't find yourself forever.
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You're constantly in search of truth, no matter what age you are.
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Yeah.
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Okay.
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Let's play a game.
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Nobody asked, but.
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So let's see how strong our sense of self is here.
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We'll see if we have a hot take on each.
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Okay.
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Going to the movies alone.
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I used to love that.
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Hate.
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Okay.
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I liked it because I used to eat my Twizzlers by myself and nobody judged you have to share.
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And also I could go see what I wanted.
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I wouldn't do it at night.
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I used to go like, I used to go like five o'clock in the afternoon.
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Okay.
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And I enjoyed it.
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Birthday weeks when it's like more than just you're celebrating your birthday for more than just a day.
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You make like a whole week or a month out of it.
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Well, I think for a special occasion, for a special birthday, big birthday.
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I don't think every birthday we have to raise a flag.
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I mean, it's a nice day.
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Hopefully you celebrate with people you love and you blow out the candles and that's it.
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But if it is a milestone, a 30th, a 50th, a 75th, an 80th, a 90th, a 100th,
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you know, then those are worth a few days to say the least.
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You put your stuff in and you deserve a little bit of celebration.
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One is with your family.
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Okay.
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Okay.
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Wait, actually.
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And then with your friends?
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I think minimum three.
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Oh my gosh.
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One is with your family, One is with your significant other and one is with your friends.
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Okay.
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I think.
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That's fine.
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I think they could vary in size.
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They could all be in the same day?
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No, I think like.
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Breakfast, lunch, and dinner?
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Back to it.
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Like one on your birthday and then one the day before or after.
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All right.
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Minimum.
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All right.
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And then if it's a milestone, you can add.
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All right.
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That's my hot tip.
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I think that's good.
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I like it.
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Okay, last one.
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Flip-flops in New York City.
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You know, I used to love to wear flip-flops, but I think New York City is not the right place to wear them because none of the pavements are level.
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And you have to be there.
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The only time I would ever say wear flip-flops is if you're going for a pedicure because you will,
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and then you better look down because nothing is flat and you will absolutely kill yourself.
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Plus the fact the city's pretty dirty.
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Yeah.
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That was my point.
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You're not in the country at the country or at the beach or wherever else you are on a farm, you can wear flip-flops every minute of the day.
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But the city is really nasty.
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And I wouldn't trust the streets to my clean feet.
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Yeah.
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Because the thing is like, even if you think, oh, well, why would my feet touch the floor?
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Like someone near you is going to step in a puddle and it's going to splash on you.
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And like your feet, do you get gross?
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I forget water.
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There's lots of stuff on the street.
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Yeah, but I do think like an elevated sandal, anything with your toes exposed gets a little wonky.
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But I feel like I've been wearing during the summer in the city.
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Oh, the summer you have to.
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It's so hot.
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Yeah, like those sandal heels at night.
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And like you're getting in and out of a car or walking a few blocks.
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Yeah, but if you're going to walk a lot in the city, put your sneakers on or your regular shoes that are closed.
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So I think all in all, when it comes to like point of view, how to be an interesting person, how to have a sense of self.
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Like, I think it's still okay to ask questions to people around you.
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Like, I'm still going to ask you for all the outfit advice.
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Well, that doesn't make you any more interesting.
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Oh, that's interesting.
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That makes you cuter.
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Oh, thanks.
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But I thought maybe that might be like, oh, I don't have an opinion myself because I need to like outsource that.
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But I think that sense of self kind of shows up in other ways.
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Like, it's what I return to.
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It's what I've loved since being a kid.
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It's what genuinely interests me.
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It's the people who I surround myself with.
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And it's not exactly just knowing who you are.
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I think it's also just like trusting who you are.
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Yeah.
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Knowing you're going to make good decisions, which you do.
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Thanks.
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And I hope everybody else out there gets the confidence, whether it be now, soon, or in the near future.
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Build on your own self and make yourself confident that you are going to do the right thing.
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You're going to be a good person.
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You're going to help your family.
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You're going to help your community.
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And that's what we wish for you.
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so a few pop culture headlines
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and then we could say goodbye dolly parton oh it's so sad
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and she was a you see that's a person who was
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born in a in a one room shed who created she
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was one of 12 children i think she creates she was
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a genius wrote over a thousand songs collaborated with everybody had one husband
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that she always loved always in the background he never came out with her in showbiz.
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She left a mark and she wanted people to love each other.
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That's the message.
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Love each other.
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Be kind to one another.
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I think she's opening like a new museum.
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They'll open it.
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The family will open it or the company will open it.
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She's left a tremendous amount of goodwill and people who are going to handle all her business.
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It's a tremendous thing.
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It was her theme park.
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And she did great things.
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And she always left you with a smile.
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I still think about that nine to five movie.
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And she was just so fabulous.
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And she was great.
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She's just, she was terrific in whatever venue she was in.
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And it just showed you the most important thing to her, which was her philanthropy side, was reading and education.
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Because she says her father was illiterate.
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And she grew up with the fact that her, that was really the only way you could get ahead.
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And she gives, oh my gosh, hundreds of millions of books out to little children so
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that they can learn to read and find reading to be something beautiful.
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So she really is.
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We're going to miss her.
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Iconic from the 1980s to today.
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Like that's such a long time to be.
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She's more than that.
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She had 60 years.
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That's nuts.
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And like her fashion and like just being such a.
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It was her genius.
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Specific.
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she wrote so she wrote jolene and
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and um what was the other one uh
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that whitney houston sang all in one day um what's the song
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that whitney houston was so famous for
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that she re-sang i will always love you i'll always love
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you okay those two songs she wrote them one day i
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mean how can somebody's genius come back yeah barely write a paragraph to me in a week
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so i mean you know those are the things we're going to remember her for and her smile.
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And I also love that she worked in, into her turning 80.
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Like that's, we love that.
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She was planning and she was planning to keep going right.
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It's great.
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We wish her well.
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There'll be a star in heaven.
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We know it's her.
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The other thing is, you know, Love Island ended and I'm like sad.
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So I've been looking for a show.
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So I'm like testing everything out.
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There was this cute show that Mindy Kaling wrote that someone suggested not suitable for work on Hulu.
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and it's about like post-grad people living in Murray Hill and like cute workplace dynamics, like really easy, digestible, whatever.
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So I watched it in the day and I'm like super cute, whatever.
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When's season two going to be?
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See, that's the thing.
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I get a notification yesterday that Hulu is not renewing.
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They didn't get enough audience.
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No, and I was like, after all that
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And so many people online are actually kind of outraged
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because they were like – So maybe somebody else will pick it up.
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That's what they're saying, that maybe another streamer now is going to do it.
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They will.
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Which is so interesting that – like what does it take?
464
Because I feel like with a show like this where 30-minute comedy,
465
only nine episodes, like you can't really attach on to people.
466
Like I feel like you need at least two seasons.
467
All right.
468
Well, so maybe it'll come back somewhere else.
469
Just keep an eye out.
470
Yeah.
471
And it's just kind of interesting that it's like, or is there enough interest out there for like these young adult kind of stories?
472
You would think so because there's been a lot doing well.
473
I think so.
474
There's all those rom-coms do well.
475
Right.
476
All those new ones.
477
They'll be picked up by Hallmark or one of those things.
478
I think that'd be a step down.
479
I think if they get picked up, they don't care who picks them up.
480
I don't know.
481
She kind of has her choice.
482
Okay.
483
But that was my update.
484
Speaking of fall, we just tried all the new Starbucks pumpkin spice drinks and they're delicious, but I'm just not ready for fall.
485
So I don't want to talk about it yet.
486
It was good.
487
We posted a little try on our social media.
488
So go check that out.
489
Excuse my grandma.
490
My personal is Kim Merstein.
491
Doing a lot of fun things.
492
So definitely make sure to follow along and we will see you soon.
493
Bye.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette vidéo contient 493 phrases et 4965 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 25:38. Le locuteur parle vite, environ 194 mots par minute : attendez-vous à des liaisons et à des sons réduits. 86 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais ; le reste mérite d’être vu avant de commencer.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| grandma nom | /ˈɡɹænmɑː/ | mamie |
| genius nom | /ˈd͡ʒin.jəs/ | génie |
| flip verbe | /flɪp/ | retourner |
| bore verbe | /boɹ/ | ennuyer, barber |
| storytelling nom | narration, mise en récit | |
| flop verbe | /flɑp/ | s'effondrer, s'affaler |
| passion nom | /ˈpæʃən/ | passion |
| theater nom | /ˈθi(ə)tɚ/ | théâtre |
| outfit nom | /ˈaʊtfɪt/ | complet, costume |
| hobby nom | /ˈhɑ.bi/ | passe-temps, hobby |
| whoever | /huˈɛvɚ/ | quiconque, qui que ce soit qui |
| poetry nom | /ˈpoʊ.ə.tɹi/ | poésie |
| expand verbe | /ɪkˈspænd/ | agrandir |
| pretend verbe | /pɹəˈtɛnd/ | feindre, faire semblant |
| filter nom | /ˈfɪltɚ/ | filtre |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Sens |
|---|---|
| come back verbe | revenir |
| pick up verbe | soulever |
| blow out verbe | éteindre |
| come across verbe | avoir l'air de |
| come over verbe | venir |
| figure out verbe | cerner |
| get up to verbe | commettre |
| go through verbe | traverser |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| « Used to » used to + verbe — une habitude ou un état passé qui n’est plus vrai | used to do · used to love · used to eat |
| Present perfect continu have/has been + -ing — une action commencée avant et toujours en cours | I've been struggling · I've been trying · I've been wearing |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | have come · I've always loved · it's been |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | people who you · people who act · someone who asks |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 116 contractions et formes réduites, comme you're, don't, I'm. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: theater /ˈθi(ə)tɚ/, gathering /ˈɡæð.ɚ.ɪŋ/, grandmother /ˈɡɹæn(d)ˌmʌðɚ/, strengthen /ˈstɹɛŋ(k)θən/, aesthetic /ɛsˈθɛ.tɪk/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: passion /ˈpæʃən/, shoe /ˈʃu/, gosh /ɡɑːʃ/, occasion /əˈkeɪ̯ʒən/, delicious /dɪˈlɪ.ʃəs/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: genuinely /ˈd͡ʒɛn.ju.ɪn.li/, economics /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪks/, psychology /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, celebration /ˌsɛl.ɪˈbɹeɪ.ʃən/, exploration /ˌɛkspləˈɹeɪʃən/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme grandma, genius, flip.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.