Pratique du Shadowing: The Russian Revolution - OverSimplified (Part 1) - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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Also, commemorating the weirdest bromance in history.
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Get your new character pins and Russian Revolution merch available now.
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Link down below.
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ways of running a country.
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Liberty, egality, fraternity.
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Woah!
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Welcome to the United Kingdom.
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Here we invented the train.
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Loooooo aboard!
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Holy smokes!
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You're in a German factory my friend.
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Here we harness fire and coal to create all these sexy leader hoses.
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This is incredible!
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I can't wait to see where I'll end up next.
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Wh-where am I?
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You're in Russia.
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Have I gone back in time?
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No, this is just how it is.
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Are you a farmer?
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Worse.
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Technically my landlord owns me, which makes me a serf.
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I'm scared.
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You should be, because I haven't eaten in four days, and you look pretty tasty.
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Hey Jimmy, how are your travels?
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I hate you!
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Russia in the 19th century.
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Feudal, underdeveloped, and stuck in the past.
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While the rest of Europe had been modernizing and improving their citizens' lives, Russia's rulers were taking a different approach.
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My lord, we're falling behind the rest of Europe.
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It's time to industrialize, give the people rights, and share your power.
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Russian Tsars had no time for pathetic ideas like liberty
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and modernization because they were too busy having the time of their lives.
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While the serfs were breaking their backs in the fields, the Tsars held all the power and they didn't have to listen to anyone.
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Want to run the country like a backwards feudal kingdom while the rest of Europe outpaces you militarily and economically?
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Go right ahead.
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Want to keep the people uneducated so they don't get any ideas?
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There's no one to stop you.
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Want to keep exporting grain even when there's a massive famine causing hundreds of thousands to die?
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That is your God-given right.
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While all of this was great for the Tsar, if you were literally anybody else, it probably sucked because Russia was falling behind.
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If they were to keep up with Europe, they'd need a strong ruler with some big ideas.
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Oh look, here comes one now.
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Hey everyone, it's me, Tsar Alexander II, and And I've got some big news.
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I'm releasing you all from your serfdom.
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You're all free.
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Yep, I'm the best.
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Oh, there is one thing though.
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I spoke to your local lords and they weren't happy about losing all their free labor.
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So as a compromise, you're all gonna have to pay them back a near impossible amount of money for the next 49 years.
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Expect your lives to barely change.
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Okay, bye.
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Now I know what you're thinking.
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This Tsar Alexander II seems like a pretty cool guy.
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He's trying to reform the country and get Russia on the right path.
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Everyone must love this guy, right?
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Wrong.
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Why does one man get to decide the fate of everyone in the country?
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This whole system is dumb.
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Somebody should do something.
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Like what?
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Like kill the czar.
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You're gonna kill the czar?
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Well, me?
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No, I'm busy.
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I was kinda hoping you'd do it.
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Okay.
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See, the people love me.
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They're throwing flowers, confetti, and high-grade explosives.
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Okay, Nicholas, your grandfather has a mild case of being blown up by a terrorist, And he's not looking too hot, so we're gonna go say our goodbyes, okay?
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No, it'll be too scary for him.
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Nonsense, it won't be scary at all.
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We're just gonna say a quick goodbye.
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Ready?
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Boy!
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Look at me!
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The people did this to me!
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And one day, they'll do it to you!
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See?
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Wasn't scary at all.
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So Alexander II was dead.
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But luckily, they had another Alexander lying around.
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Alexander III.
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And he felt his dad's reforms had weakened the Tsar's authority.
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Russia was massive and as a result had many ethnic minorities.
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Non-Russians?
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More interested in their own cultural heritage than in loving me?
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Isn't it great?
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So much beautiful culture and diversity in our great nation.
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Alexander thought all these minorities should be a little more Russian and thereby loyal to him.
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So he repressed religious minorities.
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He repressed non-Russians.
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He introduced the Ukraina, a secret police force that repressed anybody who thought having a czar was dumb.
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If Alexander II was the great reformer, Alexander III was the great repressor.
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Now that's how you run a country.
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Hey dad.
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Ugh, great.
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It's my son Nicholas who I like to call a girly girl because he's so weak and pathetic.
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When are you gonna grow up?
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Eh, you still look like a girly girl to me.
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But dad, I grew a beard.
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Yeah, an ugly girly girl beard.
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If Nicholas was to one day be czar, he needed his dad to teach him how to run the country.
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But his dad instead suggested that Nicholas go somewhere else.
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So Nicholas went to Japan, got an edgy dragon tattoo, had his head sliced off by a policeman, and then came home.
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Now will you teach me how to rule?
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I suppose it's time.
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Okay, there's a lot you need to know before becoming Z- Uh-oh.
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What?
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I've got kidney inflammation.
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Oh, no!
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Upon his father's death, a totally unprepared Nicholas II ascended to the Russian throne.
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He wasn't a reformer like his grandfather, nor was he a repressor like his dad.
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Nicholas was Nicholas.
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Timid, easily swayed, and more interested in doing whatever the hell this is, or this, or this.
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He wasn't ready to rule, and he himself admitted it, saying, I'm not yet ready to be Tsar.
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I know nothing of the business of ruling.
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Bit of an awkward time to bring it up.
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However, Nicholas firmly believed that he was chosen by God to be Rush's big daddy.
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And while he doubted his ability to rule, he was gonna give it his best shot.
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And hey, who knows, maybe he wouldn't be so bad after all.
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To get things off to a good start, Nicholas promised free pretzels and beer to a huge crowd in Moscow to celebrate his coronation.
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So enticing a proposition to starving peasants that the ensuing stampede left nearly 1500 people dead.
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What the hell happened?
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We're not sure, but you're scheduled to go party with the French at 8 o'clock.
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Shouldn't I stay here out of respect for the people?
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Whenever since ours ever respected the people?
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Hmm.
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Nicholas's decision to go party with the French immediately tarnished his image.
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Some were calling him Nicholas the Bloody.
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The Tsars had been partying hard at the expense of the people for long enough.
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They'd emancipated the serfs, but failed to lift them out of poverty.
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They used their secret police to crack down on anyone who might criticize them, and they'd failed to modernize and give the people rights, something the rest of Europe had begun doing over a century ago.
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The rule of the Tsars was quickly becoming outdated, and more and more Russians began wondering if there was a better way.
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For many, the solution was simple.
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Just look to the West.
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Republics, democracies, and constitutional monarchies galore.
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But a small growing group rejected that for an even better idea.
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A little something they called communism.
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Take Vladimir Lenin, an intelligent member of Russia's middle class, and also a massive ill-tempered jerk.
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If you disagreed with him about anything, he wasn't afraid to call you out.
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You fat-headed, simple-minded, vapid, cockeyed imbecile!
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Tenderheart bear is a FAR superior care bear to bedtime bear!
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And he was no stranger to political unrest either.
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His older brother was executed for plotting to kill the Tsar, and Lenin himself was expelled from university for participating in a student protest.
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But how did Lenin go from being a middle class nerd to the arbiter of socialist divinity?
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Well, to tell that story we first need to go back a few decades to
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when a man named Karl Marx wrote a manifesto explaining how capitalism is a system whereby the stinky bourgeoisie oppressed
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and exploited the working masses and
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that only through class warfare could the to work his rise up in a state of communist utopia.
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Now go back forward a few decades to Lenin reading that manifesto and loving it.
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But publicly admitting you loved Marx and not Russia's big daddy would get you the cruelest punishment imaginable.
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Exile to Siberia.
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Enjoy exile where you'll live with your wife, chill around town, and secretly write socialist newspapers.
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Hey, that doesn't sound so bad.
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And your mother-in-law's going to live with you.
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No!
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Once Lenin finished his stint in Siberia, he left Russia for Europe where he was free to hang out with other Russian Marxists
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and talk about how great communism was.
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Now today, you might hear the word communism and think of this.
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But that's not how intellectuals living under a tough czarist regime saw it.
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To them, communism promised a land where all were equal, where workers weren't exploited, and even people like you could get a girlfriend.
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So Lenin joined a party of Russian communists living in Europe, and he founded a communist newsletter that was smuggled into Russia to try to radicalize the people.
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However, not everyone in the Socialist Party agreed with Lenin.
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In fact, they disagreed with him on a lot of issues.
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And Lenin was so uncompromising that he caused a split in the party.
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During one conference, a heated debate broke up and Lenin was unwilling to give an inch.
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You pig ignorant, half-witted, fatuous morons!
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Cereal is a soup!
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Listen, Lenin, you're a smart guy, but you have no idea what you're talking about.
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We're outta here.
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All in favor of cereal being a soup?
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Hey, would you look at that?
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in the majority!
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So Lenin set up his own faction within the party he called the majority, or Bolshevik if you're speaking Russian, and the other faction became known as the minority,
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or Menshevik, and oddly the majority were often in the minority and the minority in the majority.
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The Mensheviks were less radical, whereas Lenin wanted the Bolsheviks to be loyal to him and his uncompromising ideas, and if you weren't loyal, well then you're gonna get a big great beatdown.
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Mensheviks worried that Lenin's attitude could lead to a one-man dictatorship, but come on, does this guy look like a dictator to you?
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For now, Lenin remained in Europe, writing his socialist newspaper and impatiently awaiting an opportunity to overthrow the Tsar and bring communist utopia to Russia.
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Cool, a free hat.
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Who the heck are you?
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I'm definitely not a Russian secret police officer spying on Marxists.
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And as always, you'll be supporting my channel.
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So, muchos arigatos, mon petit pois.
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Now, where was I?
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Oh yeah.
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A timid, easily swayed Tsar.
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A massive ill-tempered jerk, impatiently awaiting a communist revolution.
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And revolution was coming, but not in the way Lenin thought.
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Back in St. Petersburg, one of the Tsar's most skilled
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and influential advisors knew the country finally needed to catch up with the rest of Europe.
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Hey Nick, we really got to industrialize, get more factories, and make some, I don't know, textiles or something.
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Hmm, won't that change the social fabric of Russia?
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Maybe.
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Hey, isn't it past your bedtime?
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But I haven't had my milk and snuggles yet.
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Will you snuggle me?
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Um, Nicholas thought modernization was boring, but he let Sergei do his thing.
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And do his thing he did.
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He borrowed some money and got Russia some sexy factories.
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And you know what sexy factories means.
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Sexy workers.
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Dirt poor sexy workers.
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Long hours, low wages, filthy disease-ridden factories, sleep in overcrowded dormitories with all your stinky worker friends, get your arms ripped off in a freak Russian dole accident.
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Conditions were terrible.
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But this growing working class wasn't about to take it lying down.
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They started to do what workers do best, strike.
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Despite Sergei's efforts, people in Russia still weren't happy.
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Peasants were still poor, liberals still wanted reform, and now the workers wanted better working conditions.
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And the problem with being an autocrat is that when everyone's unhappy, there's only one person to blame.
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You.
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The people hate me.
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What do I do?
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Ooh, I know.
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Why don't we find a weak and pathetic nation to go to war with?
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We'll win easily, and everyone will love me again.
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Why don't we just try treating the people better?
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As luck would have it, an opportunity for war was forming in the Far East.
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Russia wanted to expand its sphere of influence into northern China.
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And coincidentally, so did Japan.
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But Japan didn't really want war, so they proposed an idea to reduce the tension.
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Hey man, we'll let you do your thing in Manchuria if you let us do our thing in Korea.
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I don't think so.
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We've got the largest army in the world.
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What do you have?
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I'm the Emperor of Japan.
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I have a giant mecha suit.
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Whoa.
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Cool.
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Nicholas and the boys didn't see Japan as a threat, so they felt they could push Japan around.
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But little did they know, Japan had been rapidly militarizing.
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And when they launched a surprise attack on a Russian fleet at Port Arthur, everyone was shocked.
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Nicholas hoped it was an opportunity to win a quick war and regain the support of the people.
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Nobody seriously thought a puny Asian country could defeat a European superpower, and the Russian people were filled with patriotic spunk.
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Hey everyone, we're at war with Japan!
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Hey everyone, we're losing the war.
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The Japanese won.
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An embarrassing defeat for Tsar Nicholas.
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Russia had enough problems, but now it had been internationally humiliated.
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The public were outraged.
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Unrest increased.
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Nicholas needed snuggles now more than ever.
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The tension was rising rapidly and Russia was on the verge of revolution.
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All it needed was one disaster to push it over the edge.
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And that disaster would come in January 1905 from an unlikely source.
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A handsome Orthodox priest named Father Gapon.
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Father Gapon was leading workers and their families to the Winter Palace.
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But this wasn't some violent uprising, it was a peaceful protest.
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They wanted to deliver a petition to Nicholas, which simply asked for more freedom and better working conditions.
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The protest was actually so peaceful and respectful that the Marxists thought it was a big waste of time.
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Hey Nicholas, some priest is leading a peaceful protest, says here they want to give you a petition.
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A peaceful petitioning priest?
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I better get out of here!
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Nicholas had actually left the Winter Palace days earlier, and in his place they brought in a truckload of troops, ordered to stop Father Gopon from reaching the palace.
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Hello good sir, and long live the Tsar.
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Please, allow me to pass this simple petition to our dear father, Nicholas II.
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Good day to you too.
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Please allow us to respond by opening fire.
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What began as a peaceful protest ended in tragedy.
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Imperial soldiers opened fire on the crowd.
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Around 200 civilians died.
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800 more were wounded.
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All they wanted was the opportunity to ask Nicholas to improve their lives.
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Instead, they were met with bullets.
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Nicholas didn't personally order the troops to fire, but as an autocrat, he got the blame.
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The event became known as Bloody Sunday and Nicholas's reputation plummeted.
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Strikes erupted across the empire.
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Workers demands increased.
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Liberals demanded political power.
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Peasants demanded land.
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The country was out of control and the 1905 revolution had begun.
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Listen Nicholas, peasants seizing my land and murdering my family I can tolerate, but illegally chopping my wood?
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That's obscene!
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And the worse I treat my workers, the more they strike.
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I don't get it.
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Everyone relax.
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As long as the military is still on my side, there's nothing to worry about.
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Sir, the sailors are starting to mutiny.
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Well, my life just sucks!
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With Russia still losing to the Japanese, unrest was growing in the military, and some sailors had even taken to killing officers.
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Having the people against you was bad enough, but if the military joined in, it would be game over.
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To make matters worse, in October, workers and Marxists, including one Leon Trotsky, began setting up local elected councils, called Soviets, that coordinated strikes and supplied the workers.
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Sergei could see the writing on the wall.
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Things were going south fast, and he needed a big idea to save the Tsar.
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And luckily, he had just that.
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You see, all these angry people from different parts of society weren't really working together, meaning there was a weakness to exploit.
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Sergei wrote a manifesto that would give the liberals an elected assembly called the Duma.
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It took some convincing, but eventually Nicholas agreed to share power and have his laws approved by an elected assembly.
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Hey liberals, here's your stupid manifesto.
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Happy now?
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We certainly are.
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But what about these guys?
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Aren't you going to give them what they want?
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Oh goodness no. I was just going to kill them.
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With the liberals satisfied and after ending the war with Japan, the Tsar brought thousands troops home, who then dismantled the Soviets, arrested their leaders, and crushed the peasant uprisings in the countryside.
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And how about that pesky parliament Nicholas had agreed to share power with?
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Well, he then wrote a bunch of new laws, which basically said, hey, remember that manifesto I wrote and how you guys were going to approve my laws?
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Mm-hmm.
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Slight change of plan.
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Actually, I'm going to do whatever the hell I want, and you guys are going to shut up.
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What?
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The people won't stand for this.
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People?
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What people?
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You know, this is why people don't like you.
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And just Just like that, Nicholas had survived the 1905 revolution.
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But wait, a revolution? In Russia?
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Where was Lenin?
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Well, Lenin and his communist pals were still in exile.
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He tried desperately to radicalize the uprising, but all he could do was watch.
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As the movements failed to organize, the liberals sold out the poor, and the Tsar outplayed the people.
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Furious, he believed Russia had missed a great chance for a real revolution.
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From now on, he felt the only way left was an armed revolution by the workers.
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Watching the events of 1905 unfold, Lenin learned a lot.
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The Tsar, however, would prove to have learned nothing.
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After the 1905 revolution had failed, the Tsar's new top man was Pyotr Stolopin, and he had big ideas to prevent any more chaos.
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Step one, reform agriculture.
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This'll make the peasants love you.
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And step two, we'll kill anyone who doesn't.
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To discourage any more revolutionary ideas, Stolopin began to crack down even harder on the Tsar's opponents, and thousands were sentenced to death.
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The noose even earned itself a new nickname, Stolopin's necktie.
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I don't get it.
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Oh, I see, because it goes around my neck.
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That's so funny.
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But despite the oppression, many positive reforms were also being made, and the Russian economy even began to improve.
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This was a problem for Lenin.
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If the people weren't suffering, then they wouldn't support a revolution.
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Still in exile and lacking funds, the Bolsheviks simply weren't in a position to do anything.
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Luckily, it was around this time that Lenin met an incredibly handsome Georgian, with your second favorite historical mustache, Joseph Stalin.
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Lenin and Stalin met at a communist convention in Finland, and Lenin liked Stalin because he was a real go-getter, and was great at fundraising for the Bolsheviks.
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And by fundraising, I mean kidnapping, robbing, extorting, bribing, ransoming, assassinating, prison breaking, stealing, bankrating, executioning, and stealing again.
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Hey Stalin, the Mensheviks aren't so hot in all this stealing, but we still need money, so the next time you do a big heist, just do it quietly.
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Okay, quietly.
351
Got it.
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If this isn't quiet, I don't know what is.
353
Stalin's wacky antics eventually got him exiled to Siberia, but he had established himself as a Big Bull's Bolshevik.
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However, no amount of Bolshevik bulls could stop what was happening.
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The Russian economy was making a recovery.
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For the Tsar, things were looking up.
357
This is great!
358
All Nicholas has to do is sit back and not mess anything up.
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Hey everyone!
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Big news!
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I'd like to introduce you to my new best friend.
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He's a crazy, drunken, beardy, horny, scandal-ridden magic wizard man.
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And he smells like a goat.
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We're screwed.
365
Rasputin.
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A dirt poor peasant from dirt poor nowhere.
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But unlike all the other dirt poor peasants, Rasputin had holy healing powers.
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And when this holy mystic wandered into St. Petersburg, people began to notice.
369
He quickly became famous, and word of this mystery man in his healing hands made its way to the royal palace.
370
The appearance of a holy homeless healer was of great interest to the Tsar and his wife.
371
As far as royals go, they weren't that inbred, but they were just inbred enough for their son Alexei to get hemophilia.
372
Or in layman's terms...
373
Mamma mia, that's a lot of blood!
374
Knowing Rasputin could heal people, in 1906, Alexandra asked for Rasputin to come and see if he could cure their son.
375
And crazy as it sounds, Rasputin did heal Alexei, possibly by taking him off his doctor-prescribed aspirin.
376
Having seemingly done the impossible, Rasputin became very, very close to the royal family.
377
But having a crazy homeless wizard man hanging around wasn't a good look for the Tsar, because Rasputin was freaky.
378
Not only was he a big fan of alcohol, but he'd also throw these crazy parties with Russian nobility, where he'd f and f* all night long,
379
and then he'd fed, not a guy's f*ing, and nobody knew how the goat got on the roof.
380
Initially, the press were banned from talking about Rasputin, but eventually, the ban was lifted, and the tabloids went to town.
381
The whole thing was a huge scandal, and everyone was freaked out that this guy was influencing the Tsar and his wife.
382
Nicholas could have spent this period of relative peace improving his image.
383
Instead, he spent it doing this.
384
But as weird as the whole The whole Rasputin thing was, so long as the economy continued to improve and the people's lives kept getting better, maybe Nick would be okay.
385
Maybe there would be no more revolutions.
386
Maybe this video could even end right here.
387
Or maybe things were about to get worse.
388
A lot worse.
389
You see, the year is 1914 and that means it's time for World War One.
390
Thank you.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau B2 s’appuie sur la vidéo « The Russian Revolution - OverSimplified ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : Nicholas, Lenin, Tsar, Russia, Russian. Cette vidéo contient 390 phrases et 3958 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 20:59. Le locuteur parle vite, environ 189 mots par minute : attendez-vous à des liaisons et à des sons réduits. Seuls 78 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| manifesto nom | /ˌmæn.əˈfɛs.toʊ/ | manifeste |
| communism nom | /ˈkɒmjᵿnɪz(ə)m/ | communisme |
| exile nom | /ˈɛɡˌzaɪl/ | exil, exilé |
| heal verbe | /ˈhiːl/ | guérir, assainir |
| girly adjectif | /ˈɡɝli/ | féminin |
| repress verbe | /ɹəˈpɹɛs/ | réprimer, opprimer |
| unrest nom | /ʌnˈɹɛst/ | agitation |
| luckily adverbe | /ˈlʌk.ɪ.li/ | heureusement |
| pathetic adjectif | /pəˈθɛtɪk/ | pathétique |
| loyal adjectif | /ˈlɔɪəl/ | loyal, fidèle |
| autocrat nom | /ˈɔːtəkɹæt/ | autocrate |
| feudal adjectif | /ˈfjuːdəl/ | féodal |
| impatiently adverbe | /ɪmˈpeɪʃəntli/ | impatiemment |
| industrialize verbe | /ɪnˈdʌstɹiəlaɪz/ | industrialiser |
| modernization nom | /ˌmɑdɚnɪˈzeɪʃn̩/ | modernisation |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| fall behind verbe | être en retard | |
| go back verbe | rentrer, retourner | |
| set up verbe | /ˌsɛt ˈʌp/ | mettre en place, installer |
| blow up verbe | faire sauter | |
| break up verbe | rompre, couper | |
| crack down verbe | /kɹæk ˈdaʊn/ | sévir, frapper |
| end up verbe | se terminer, se finir | |
| grow up verbe | grandir |
Des phrases à répéter
Des phrases courtes et complètes de la vidéo, à réutiliser dans la conversation de tous les jours :
- Have I gone back in time?
- When are you gonna grow up?
- Hey, isn't it past your bedtime?
- Why don't we just try treating the people better?
- Aren't you going to give them what they want?
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Phrases conditionnelles if + proposition, will/would + verbe — une condition et son résultat | if the military joined in, it would be |
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | was made · being blown · was chosen |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | anybody who thought · anyone who might · anyone who doesn |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 102 contractions et formes réduites, comme you're, don't, I'm. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: pathetic /pəˈθɛtɪk/, thereby /ðɛɹˈbaɪ/, throne /θɹəʊ̯n/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: impatiently /ɪmˈpeɪʃəntli/, modernization /ˌmɑdɚnɪˈzeɪʃn̩/, faction /ˈfæk.ʃən/, influential /ɪnflʊˈɛnʃəl/, revolutionary /ˌɹɛvəˈluʃənɛɹi/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: manifesto /ˌmæn.əˈfɛs.toʊ/, impatiently /ɪmˈpeɪʃəntli/, industrialize /ɪnˈdʌstɹiəlaɪz/, modernization /ˌmɑdɚnɪˈzeɪʃn̩/, radicalize /ˈɹædɪkəlaɪz/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: heal /ˈhiːl/, heck /hɛk/, unhappy /ʌnˈhæpi/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: tragedy /ˈtɹæd͡ʒ.ɪ.di/, chill /tʃɪl/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: czar /zɑː(ɹ)/, repress /ɹəˈpɹɛs/, unrest /ʌnˈɹɛst/, autocrat /ˈɔːtəkɹæt/, industrialize /ɪnˈdʌstɹiəlaɪz/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme manifesto, communism, exile.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.