Pratique du Shadowing: Why Even Fit People Are At Risk of a Heart Attack - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
Choisissez un mode d'entraînement
Chaque mode ouvre une salle d'entraînement en plein écran.
271 phrases
Si les phrases sont trop courtes ou trop longues, cliquez sur Edit pour les ajuster.
1
One of my favorite things to do with students is to show them how the organs actually sit within the human body.
2
And I especially love opening up the pericardium to show students the real human heart.
3
Now the heart has actually been on my mind a bit more lately
4
because about a month ago I was running a half marathon race with my brother
5
and he had a heart attack during the race.
6
Often we think heart attacks only happen to people who are older, unhealthy, or those that don't exercise, but that isn't necessarily true. So today,
7
we're gonna use the story of what happened to my brother
8
as a backdrop to help us learn about what actually happens during a heart attack, what causes it, and what everyone, regardless of current health status or fitness level,
9
can specifically do to reduce the risk of a heart attack and other cardiovascular diseases.
10
Plus, we'll talk about what was unique about my brother's heart attack and the physiological adaptations that can make one's heart
11
more resilient to these types of cardiac events.
12
It's going to be a myocardial one, so let's do this.
13
The fancy pants medical term for a heart attack is myocardial infarction.
14
Myo refers to muscle, cardial refers to the heart.
15
An infarction means tissue death due to a lack of blood supply.
16
So basically a heart attack or myocardial infarction happens when blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is blocked, starving it of oxygen and nutrients,
17
which causes that muscle tissue to eventually die if this blood flow isn't restored.
18
But what is actually causing this blockage in blood flow?
19
Well, if you take a look at these two arteries, you can see a right coronary artery here, and the left coronary artery here.
20
And the word coronary means crown.
21
The early anatomists thought these arteries looked like they were encircling the top of the heart, kind of like a crown.
22
But these are the main arteries that supply blood to the myocardium of the heart.
23
And you can also see that they will continue to branch into smaller arteries
24
that will deliver blood to specific areas of the heart.
25
Like this is a big one called the left anterior descending artery.
26
And I mention this one because of the story we'll get into a little bit later on about my brother.
27
And because it is often nicknamed the widow maker.
28
Because if a significant blockage forms in this artery, it can result in death
29
because It supplies such a large area of the heart as opposed to say
30
if a blockage formed in one of these smaller branches which would cause more of a mild heart attack.
31
But what is actually causing these blockages?
32
Well, the most common culprit is coronary artery disease.
33
Coronary artery disease is when the coronary arteries develop something called atherosclerosis.
34
Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaques within the wall of the artery.
35
Plaques are essentially fatty deposits made of cholesterol, calcium, and other substances that get built into the wall of the artery.
36
And in this case, we're talking about plaques forming in the coronary arteries, or any of the branches of the coronary arteries.
37
But atherosclerosis can technically affect any artery in the body.
38
Like you could get these plaques built up in the carotid arteries that supply the brain, eventually leading to a stroke.
39
But over time, and we're talking years here, these plaques can continue to grow,
40
further occluding or blocking the artery and therefore reducing blood flow downstream from the blockage.
41
But you might be thinking, okay Jonathan, so what?
42
Eventually this blockage just gets big enough that you suddenly just have a heart attack?
43
Well not exactly, because here's the crazy thing,
44
people often do not develop any symptoms until a coronary artery or one of its branches is occluded by about 70%.
45
Now
46
that percentage can vary a little bit based on exactly where
47
the clot is in the coronary vasculature as well as individual differences, but the point is there is a significant amount of blockage before symptoms develop.
48
This is also why this can be so unnerving, because it's occurring silently without your knowledge.
49
However, there are some screening tools
50
that you can utilize to get an idea of your risk and if you have plaque buildup, and we'll talk about those screening tools a little bit later on in the video.
51
But even a 70% occluded coronary vessel still isn't usually enough to cause a heart attack all by itself.
52
And here's what I mean by that.
53
It's not like when it hits 71% you just have a sudden heart attack.
54
If the plaque is stable, people will often first develop chest pain on exertion.
55
So someone might start hiking up the stairs or exert themselves in some way and feel chest pain.
56
But when they stop exerting themselves and rest, the pain goes away.
57
And this is referred to as stable angina.
58
Angina sometimes pronounced angina, but if you look at pronunciation guys, it's like American English is angina, British English is angina.
59
So take your pick.
60
But it's called stable because it's predictable with exertion and goes away with rest.
61
And angina just refers to strangling to refer to this type of chest pain that people experience during stable angina.
62
Now technically the plaque could continue to get larger
63
and larger until eventually the The person is even experiencing chest pain at rest and eventually resulting in a heart attack.
64
However, most commonly people will have a heart attack when the plaque suddenly ruptures.
65
When the plaque ruptures or breaks apart, the body responds by forming a clot, kind of as an attempt to heal the rupture.
66
But this actually isn't that great of a response
67
because this clot will form relatively quickly and can then completely block the artery, resulting in what a person would perceive as a sudden heart attack,
68
with symptoms such as chest pain or pressure that might radiate to the arm, neck or jaw, shortness of breath, nausea, sweating, or even lightheadedness.
69
And something else that's important to note is that symptoms can be more subtle in women, like fatigue or a feeling of indigestion, which is why heart attacks can sometimes be missed.
70
But if someone does have a heart attack, time is very important.
71
The myocardium of the heart is resilient, but it can only go for so long with diminished blood flow.
72
Often you'll hear 30 to 60 minutes, but irreversible damage can start in as little as 20 to 40 minutes with total blockage,
73
extending to that 30 to 60 minutes if there's still some partial flow.
74
But it again depends on exactly where the blockage is, like is it in that left anterior descending artery, the Widowmaker, or is it in a smaller branch?
75
It also depends on some very interesting individual variations
76
that a person could potentially have in their heart that might make them more resilient to heart attacks, and we'll We'll talk about those variations in just a minute.
77
But regardless of those factors, the sooner you can get to the hospital for intervention, the better.
78
Some of those interventions will include clot busting drugs to potentially break up the clot
79
and possibly even an angioblasty where they take a catheter in through the radial
80
or femoral artery and thread it up to the coronary arteries.
81
A guide wire crosses the blockage, then a balloon is inflated to compress the plaque and widen the vessel, restoring blood flow.
82
a stent, which is a metal mesh tube, is deployed to keep the artery open.
83
The balloon deflates, catheter is removed, and this percutaneous coronary intervention is done in as little as 20 to 30 minutes for the core procedure,
84
which is pretty remarkable.
85
But let's quickly talk about what puts you at an increased risk for developing plaque in the coronary arteries.
86
And a lot of this comes down to the inside lining of your arteries called the tunica intima.
87
Anything that damages or irritates the tunica intima can lead to plaque formation.
88
This could be through high blood pressure, as high blood pressure puts a mechanical stress on the intima.
89
Heartful chemicals from smoking can also damage and inflame the tunica intima,
90
and even chronic elevations in blood glucose levels from unmanaged diabetes can damage and inflame this inside lining.
91
Combine these factors with elevations in certain types of cholesterol plus certain genetics
92
that make one more predisposed to higher cholesterol and clotting issues, and you start to create a recipe for plaque formation.
93
And what is eye-opening is how this can happen to seemingly healthy people, like athletes or those that exercise.
94
Even with good fitness, underlying factors like undiagnosed high cholesterol or family history can lead to plaque buildup.
95
Which brings us to the heart attack with my brother.
96
So last month I was in San Luis Obispo, California with my brother Jeff, my brother-in-law Jeremy, who also happens to be my business partner here at the lab, and one of my best friends,
97
Greg, who by the way, just finished chemotherapy for testicular cancer.
98
And he was there to run, you know, just a 31 mile ultra with 60 obstacles, because apparently that's what you do when you're finishing up cancer treatment.
99
But, us other three mere mortals, we were there for the Spartan Beast.
100
This is a trail half marathon with 30 obstacles.
101
Now for some additional context, the four of us had just run a marathon four weeks earlier.
102
So my brother had been training prior to the marathon and had run the marathon without any problems.
103
Well, except for the problems that everyone experiences during a marathon, like the pain train
104
that everyone feels during the last few miles where you start to question every life decision that you've ever had.
105
But again, no heart or other major issues during the marathon.
106
And he continued to train for the Spartan Beast.
107
Now usually what happens at these Spartan events is that my brother and I will race in different age groups, because he's 10 years older than me.
108
Sorry to age you, Jeff, but this means that we'll often start at different times.
109
And so we've kind of developed this tradition where Jeremy
110
and I will finish first and then we'll walk back a mile or so, so that we can watch Jeff go through the most painful part of the event
111
because it's fun to watch people in discomfort when you're no longer experiencing it yourself.
112
But usually the most painful part of the event is the last mile
113
because they tend to stack obstacles back to back to back.
114
And, just as a side note, if any of you ever go to a Spartan event, go back and watch the spear throw.
115
Because if you want to see some entertaining temper tantrums, you're in for a treat at the Spartan spear throw.
116
The spear throw is one of those obstacles that you can train for, but it's so skill-based that it's kind of the X-factor obstacle for a lot of people.
117
And when people miss it, all the emotions built up from the previous hard 12 miles come out in quite the colorful fashion.
118
Because that person who just missed the spear knows that they have to do 30 burpees as a penalty.
119
Which no one wants to do at mile 12.
120
And as one other side note, sorry everyone, bear with me on this, but if anyone from Spartan ownership or management is watching this video,
121
Spartans have kind of gotten a little soft as of late.
122
Because for those of you who don't know, it used to be 30 burpees for every obstacle that you failed.
123
Not just for the spear throw.
124
Now instead of making people do 30 burpees for failing any of the other obstacles, they have you run this dainty little penalty loop.
125
Which, no one is afraid of that.
126
I literally have watched people come up and just touch the obstacle as their attempt, and then just run one of these dainty little penalty loops.
127
But if you still made the racers do 30 burpees for each failed obstacle, They don't do that little bypass thing.
128
I mean, at this rate, you might as well just call it a trail race with optional obstacles.
129
Burpees are what made Spartans Spartans.
130
They actually instilled fear in people while running these races, not these stupid, dainty, little penalty loops.
131
Okay, rant is over.
132
So we go back to this area to look for my brother, and it seems to be taking a little bit longer than normal.
133
So of course, we start joking around about how he might just be taking his sweet time, taking in the wonderful view of the landscape.
134
But as time goes on, we do start to get a little bit concerned, and we try to send him a text.
135
Now, at most races, we've actually had pretty good cell phone service, but at this one, it was horrible, so none of our texts were getting through.
136
But then Jeremy was like, oh, I might be able to send him a text through the satellite service
137
that I have on my new fancy pants iPhone.
138
I don't actually have that feature on my iPhone
139
because I'm a little bit cheap and I've had the same phone for the last six or seven years.
140
And now it's just becoming a badge of honor and we can talk about that later.
141
But Jeremy gets one text to go through, and gets one text back from Jeff that says, I'm at the hospital, not a joke, AFib.
142
Now, there are three things that we need to discuss about this text.
143
One, is the fact that he had to clarify that he wasn't joking, which shows that
144
when the three of us get together we tend to revert back to our teenage selves and not take things very seriously.
145
Two, we did actually have an emergency situation on our hands that we knew very little about at this point.
146
And three, he said, AFib, not a heart attack.
147
And this is where the physiology of this story gets interesting.
148
When my brother was a few miles in, he was doing the monkey bar obstacle.
149
And when he jumped off of this obstacle, he noticed his heart racing and he was having shortness of breath.
150
But no chest pain or anything that he would consider major discomfort.
151
He noticed that the symptoms would improve when he would walk and rest, but when he would start another obstacle or increase his effort, the symptoms again became more noticeable.
152
And on some of the obstacles, he started to get lightheaded and have tunnel vision like he might pass out.
153
Eventually the symptoms seemed to be more persistent, and he actually got down on his knees and a woman noticed this.
154
And she came up and asked him if he needed help.
155
He said yes, and she went and got some of the Spartan staff, and they loaded him in the truck and took him to the medical tent.
156
The paramedics came up from the ambulance and they did an EKG on him.
157
Once they got the results of the EKG, the paramedic said to him, You're coming with me!
158
And the reason for this was that the paramedic saw atrial fibrillation on the EKG
159
and was going to take him to the hospital.
160
Now atrial fibrillation or AFib is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, and an arrhythmia is in irregular heartbeat.
161
And specifically with AFib, the heart's upper chambers, called the atria, beat chaotically and irregularly.
162
The atrial chambers beat out of sync with the lower ventricular chambers
163
and this can cause a fast pounding heartbeat with shortness of breath or lightheadedness, symptoms that my brother was experiencing.
164
Now one of the biggest concerns for AFib is clot formation
165
and this is because the atrial chambers are fluttering rather than fully contracting.
166
So some blood can pool or stagnate within the atrial chambers and start to form clots, and if a clot forms in one of the atrial chambers,
167
it could eventually move from the heart to the lungs if the clot forms in the right atrium, or it could even go up to the brain if the clot forms in the left atrium,
168
which is the more common side that clots form on during AFib.
169
Plus, the rapid heart rate can overwork the heart, so obviously you don't want people to remain in atrial fibrillation for an extended period of time.
170
So while in the ambulance, they attempted to use rate controlling medications as well performed a cardioversion, which is trying to shock the heart back into normal sinus rhythm.
171
They were unable to keep him in normal sinus rhythm in the ambulance, but when he got to the hospital they performed a stronger cardioversion or a stronger shock.
172
They sedated him for this one and they did get him back into normal sinus rhythm.
173
But they also looked at his troponin levels.
174
Troponin is an enzyme that you hear a lot about with heart attacks, because this is an enzyme that is released by the cardiac muscle fibers when they're stressed or damaged,
175
which definitely happens during a heart attack.
176
And he did have elevated troponin levels.
177
So what was going on here?
178
Was it AFib, a heart attack, or something else?
179
Well AFib can technically increase your troponin levels a little bit because the heart is getting overworked with that rapid heart rate.
180
Plus, shocking the heart can be a little bit hard on the heart as well
181
and so this can also elevate your troponin levels.
182
So there was a discussion with his care team of, is this troponin just a result of the afib and the shocking of the heart, or is it something else?
183
And at this point my brother is completely stable and not in any discomfort, so the plan was to monitor him overnight and do repeat troponin levels every few hours.
184
And if the troponin went down significantly over the next few blood draws, the team was thinking that this was more likely due to the afib and the cardioversion.
185
However, if the troponin remained elevated or even went up, that would be more concerning and might mean something else had occurred
186
and then they would want to perform an angiogram to look at his coronary arteries.
187
Turns out, the troponin levels went up.
188
So the next morning they performed an angiogram and the cardiologist found
189
that he had a 50 to 60% occlusion or blockage in his left anterior descending artery.
190
Remember that artery that's nicknamed the widow maker.
191
And this is where we can have a very important discussion about why monitoring your heart
192
and cardiovascular health is important for everyone, even those that exercise,
193
because what the final diagnosis was for my brother was a type 2 myocardial infarction secondary to atrial fibrillation.
194
So he did technically have a heart attack, but not the typical heart attack, hence the classification of type 2 myocardial infarction.
195
Remember, most heart attacks happen when the plaque ruptures, which then stimulates clot formation,
196
and this more typical heart attack is a type 1 myocardial infarction.
197
But this did not happen to my brother.
198
Even with the 50-60% occlusion, training for a marathon, running a marathon,
199
training for a spartan, was not enough strain on his heart to induce symptoms or cause a heart attack.
200
And had he not had AFib, nothing would have happened.
201
he would have likely just finished the race like he'd finished every other race.
202
And there's a big reason as to why people can exercise quite intensely and still not have any symptoms, even if they have plaque buildup.
203
In anatomy, you often will learn about collateral circuits, or sometimes just simply referred to as collaterals.
204
Collaterals are arteries from two different sources that can supply blood to a similar area, and these are found throughout the body, including the heart.
205
So if the main blood supply to a certain area was blocked or compromised, the collateral can potentially take up the slack and supply enough blood to that area.
206
But here's what is very interesting.
207
When you develop plaques in your coronary arteries, your heart will develop new collaterals.
208
So let's say there was a plaque that was developing in this artery reducing the blood flow to this area.
209
This blood vessel nearby could create more collaterals
210
or in other words grow more blood vessels in order to compensate and supply this area with enough blood.
211
Now you're not going to grow an artery like this size.
212
that you grow are very small vessels like arterioles which are tiny arteries and also capillaries which are even smaller than arterioles.
213
But the growth of these smaller blood vessels does make a significant difference in blood flow
214
and makes people more resilient to myocardial infarctions.
215
Now I do want to be clear here, I'm not saying, hey, we should all develop plaques so that we can stimulate the coronary vasculature to grow more collaterals.
216
This is just something the body does to protect itself.
217
But, you know what else stimulates the development of new collateral blood vessels?
218
Consistent cardiovascular exercise.
219
And that is definitely the kind of stimulus that we want driving the development of new collateral blood vessels to our heart.
220
And so, coming back to my brother, he had likely developed collaterals, yes due to the plaque, but also due to his training.
221
His heart was getting enough blood flow even
222
when there was an increased cardiac demand during training and racing but during this last Spartan,
223
it was the AFib on top of the exercise that pushed things over the limit.
224
The AFib pushed the demand on his heart to the point where that 50-60% blockage was now a problem, and even his collaterals couldn't keep up,
225
which caused the heart attack and the elevated troponin levels.
226
But what was the cause of the AFib?
227
Well, we are not entirely certain.
228
We think it may have been a perfect storm of the travel, some dehydration, lack of sleep prior to the race, and he did have a higher amount of caffeine that day with some pre-workout.
229
Now, I don't want to freak everyone out with caffeine use, but arrhythmias are a potential side effect when taking higher doses of caffeine than one is used to, especially if you're caffeine naive,
230
meaning that you don't take a lot of caffeine throughout the week.
231
So, if you are going to try something new like a pre-workout supplement, it's usually best to start on the lower end to see how your body responds before moving to higher doses.
232
But today, my brother is doing fine.
233
He's working with a cardiologist to decide the best plan moving forward.
234
If his blockage had been 70% or more, they likely would have put a stent in during the procedure in California.
235
That is still a potential option that they are discussing with lifestyle modifications and the potential use of medications.
236
What some of you might be wondering is, should someone still exercise in this situation?
237
And with very few exceptions, the answer is yes.
238
What I don't want people to do with this video is freak out about exercising
239
because you might have unknown plaque build up in your coronary arteries.
240
Because exercise still absolutely reduces your risk of cardiovascular disease.
241
Remember, it also helps develop new collateral blood vessels.
242
And my brother's situation may have been worse had he not done any training.
243
What I do hope people take from this, besides learning some really cool anatomy and physiology, is staying on top of your cardiovascular health maintenance.
244
regardless of your fitness level.
245
This is done through your annual physicals where your blood pressure is checked, you get blood work that checks your blood glucose levels, cholesterol levels, so things like CBCs,
246
CMPs, and lipid panels, and other potential tests depending on your current health status, age, and risk factors.
247
And based on those results, this can give you and your healthcare provider an idea of your risk of developing plaques.
248
And if you're at higher risk, your medical provider may order additional screening tests like a coronary artery calcium scan,
249
which essentially detects and quantifies calcified plaque in the coronary arteries.
250
And if that shows any results that are concerning, then a provider may even step up to a CT angiogram
251
where they take images of the coronary arteries with contrast and
252
that can give an even more definitive idea of the amount of plaque and calcium build up in those coronary arteries.
253
And then of course, you do everything that you can from a lifestyle perspective to reduce your risk.
254
and less otherwise specified by your health care provider, you continue to exercise because that will help with blood pressure, cholesterol and reduces your risk of metabolic dysfunction like diabetes.
255
Diet obviously is also an important part of this and of course avoid smoking.
256
Poor sleep and stress are also linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease, so don't forget about your sleep or your mental health.
257
One of my biggest goals with teaching in this lab
258
and making online content is to spark that love of learning in people, helping them unlock what they're truly capable of.
259
And that's exactly what Brilliant, the sponsor of today's video, has done for me.
260
Brilliant turns anyone into a confident problem solver.
261
Whether you're tackling math concepts that used to trip you up, or diving into computer science ideas, Brilliant helps those concepts click in a whole new way.
262
I've personally been using Brilliant to sharpen my skills beyond biology, because it's been a while since I've taken a math class.
263
So lately I've been getting into their lessons on exponential functions and I love how Brilliant helps you excel through visual,
264
interactive problem solving and personalized practice that builds genuine understanding.
265
Their courses are also crafted by an award winning team from places like MIT and Caltech, starting you at the right level based on your background,
266
with practice sets and end of level reviews personalized just for you.
267
Now a lot of you watching might be eyeing the medical field, and trust me, Brilliant's got you covered with lessons that build the foundation for the math and data analysis that you'll need.
268
Plus, since most users learn on their phones, it's seamless to jump on at any time.
269
And so if you want to learn for free on Brilliant, go to brilliant.org.iha, scan the QR code on screen, or click the link in the description.
270
Brilliant is also giving our viewers 20% off an annual premium subscription, which gives you unlimited daily access to everything on Brilliant.
271
Thanks again to Brilliant for supporting the channel, and thank you to all of you for watching our content about the human body, and of course, we'll see you in the next video.
Télécharger l'application
Tout pour parler couramment
Prononciation IAChaque phrase notée
Phonétique (IPA)Maîtrisez chaque son
VocabulaireEnrichissez votre lexique
Jeu de vocabulaireApprenez en jouant
Même chaîne
FOR YOU
Vidéo recommandée
C114
14 phrases
Heart Attack Can Increase Risk for Stroke
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
347 phrases
Doctor Explains: How to Train Your Brain to Crave Doing Hard Things
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
380 phrases
A man hiked in the woods. Every brain cell got cooked.
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C1292
17 phrases
How exercise benefits your body
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
95 phrases
What Happens When You Die?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C16
384 phrases
Dr. Andy Galpin: Does Cardio Ruin Muscle Growth?.
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
148 phrases
Statin Misinformation: Mayo Clinic Radio
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C14
131 phrases
The medicine myth | Denis Noble, Nessa Carey, Guy Brown
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
72 phrases
Blood Flow Through the Heart (Made Easy in 5 Minutes!)
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
56 phrases
Intracranial Angioplasty | Dr. Sukalyan Purkayastha | Brain Mechanic
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B22
39 phrases
Why Does Heartbreak Hurt So Much?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau C1 s’appuie sur la vidéo « Why Even Fit People Are At Risk of a Heart Attack ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : blood, attack, plaque, coronary, artery. Cette vidéo contient 271 phrases et 4517 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 24:14. Le locuteur parle vite, environ 186 mots par minute : attendez-vous à des liaisons et à des sons réduits. Seuls 80 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| artery nom | /ˈɑɹ.təɹ.i/ | artère |
| plaque nom | /plæk/ | plaque |
| obstacle nom | /ˈɑbstəkəl/ | obstacle |
| clot nom | /klɑt/ | caillot, thrombus |
| collateral nom | /kəˈlætəɹəl/ | nantissement, gage |
| troponin nom | troponine | |
| symptom nom | /ˈsɪm(p)təm/ | symptôme |
| spartan adjectif | /ˈspɑː(ɹ)tən/ | spartiate |
| atrial adjectif | /ˈeɪtɹi.əl/ | atrial |
| myocardial adjectif | /maɪoʊˈkɑɹdi.əl/ | myocardique |
| infarction nom | /ɪnˈfɑɹk.ʃən/ | infarctus |
| cardiovascular adjectif | /ˌkɑːdi.əʊˈvæskjʊlə(ɹ)/ | cardiovasculaire |
| cholesterol nom | /kəˈlɛstəɹɒl/ | cholestérol |
| caffeine nom | /ˈkæfiːn/ | caféine |
| spear nom | /spɪə̯(ɹ)/ | lance |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| come up verbe | se montrer, sortir du bois | |
| go through verbe | traverser | |
| go up verbe | monter, s'élever | |
| break up verbe | rompre, couper | |
| finish up verbe | fignoler | |
| get through verbe | /ɡɛt ˈθɹu/ | franchir |
| go away verbe | partir, s'en aller | |
| go back verbe | rentrer, retourner |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect continu have/has been + -ing — une action commencée avant et toujours en cours | I've personally been using · I've been getting |
| Phrases conditionnelles if + proposition, will/would + verbe — une condition et son résultat | if you have plaque buildup, and we'll talk · If the plaque is stable, people will often |
| « Used to » used to + verbe — une habitude ou un état passé qui n’est plus vrai | used to be · used to trip |
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | is blocked · isn't restored · is often nicknamed |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 50 contractions et formes réduites, comme don't, we'll, you're. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: atherosclerosis /ˌæθɚoʊskləˈɹoʊsəs/, rhythm /ˈɹɪð.əm/, arrhythmia /eɪˈɹɪð.mɪ.ə/, catheter /ˈkæθɪtɚ/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: infarction /ɪnˈfɑɹk.ʃən/, fibrillation /ˌfɪbɹɪˈleɪʃən/, exertion /ɪɡˈzɝʃən/, occlusion /əˈkluː.ʒən/, elevation /ˌɛlɪˈveɪʃn̩/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: coronary /ˈkɔɹənɛɹi/, collateral /kəˈlætəɹəl/, myocardial /maɪoʊˈkɑɹdi.əl/, cardiovascular /ˌkɑːdi.əʊˈvæskjʊlə(ɹ)/, cholesterol /kəˈlɛstəɹɒl/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: blockage /ˈblɑkɪd͡ʒ/, angina /ˈæn.d͡ʒɪ.nə/, rupture /ˈɹʌpt͡ʃɚ/, cardiologist /ˌkɑɹdiˈɑlədʒɪst/, vasculature /ˈvæskjʊlət͡ʃə(ɹ)/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: artery /ˈɑɹ.təɹ.i/, coronary /ˈkɔɹənɛɹi/, collateral /kəˈlætəɹəl/, spartan /ˈspɑː(ɹ)tən/, atrial /ˈeɪtɹi.əl/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme artery, plaque, obstacle.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.