Shadowing Practice: A GUIDE TO ABSURDISM: The Philosophy For Living Fully - Learn English Speaking with Video
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83 משפטים
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1
The past year has been weird.
2
Previously we were able to go through life with a fairly stable sense of reality.
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We trusted that most people were in some way like us.
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Sure, people differ in political opinion, but at the end of the day we all share some common values. That changed.
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We spent the most monotonous of moments dreaming over weekend parties and tropical getaways.
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We had a set schedule in a set world, where everything seemed unchanged and stable. That changed.
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Seemingly in one innocent moment, your sense of reality was corrupted.
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The way things worked before now don't appear to make sense.
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Perhaps it was a breakup, a layoff, a pandemic.
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Or maybe you just sat up one night, in a cold sweat, and realized that everybody's just winging it and nobody knows why we're here, what we're supposed to do, and where we're going.
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Breakfast appears alien.
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The weight of your toothbrush is unbearable.
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Any moment of decision making is met with dread and despair.
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you're experiencing what the philosopher Albert Camus called the absurd.
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Camus argues that humans have a chronic urge to understand the world.
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We use reason in order to do so.
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However, from our limited perspective, the world appears unreasonable.
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This tension between our use of reason and the unreasonable world around us creates the absurd.
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Camus explores several solutions once we reach this point.
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For one, we could simply deny the unreasonable world.
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This is a common choice, in which we pretend that the world actually makes sense, and from this pretend that we can develop and follow distinct goals that give our lives meaning.
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One example used is denying the seemingly unreasonable fact that we live just to die.
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Such a horrifying possibility can be countered with a belief
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that we live in order to be rewarded or punished in the afterlife.
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Whether we are rewarded or punished is reliant on how we conduct our lives now.
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Hence, a belief in the afterlife denies the unreasonableness of death and offers us a goal that gives our lives purpose.
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In a more secular age, we can also see this in those who believe
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that making enough money and thereby living a comfortable retirement is a reasonable way to live.
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Valuing financial security distracts us from the fact
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that we will nonetheless be financially secure in a world that still makes little sense to us.
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Almost any systematic conception of the world, from the religious to the financial to the social,
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must reduce and avoid the fact that it simply cannot account for the complexity and absurdity of reality.
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But it does make the journey more comfortable and meaningful.
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However, as Camus argues, denying the incomprehensibility of our existence reduces our freedom.
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We have tied ourselves to certain plans, and in doing so, disengage from the true totality of our being.
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Finding out that the afterlife doesn't exist would be crushing.
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Messing up your retirement plans would be existentially painful.
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Would we have the strength to move on from these totalizing systems of thought?
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Another solution would be to abandon reason author.
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Some philosophers such as Carl Jaspers even argue that reason is a fairly useless concept, that it is driven by a despairing desire for metaphysical transcendence.
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Others, such as Kierkegaard, suggest that the world does in fact have some sort of reason, but that it is outside of human comprehension.
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Hence, we should nonetheless commit a leap of faith, accepting the fact that we will never fully understand the world, but nonetheless believe.
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Camus argues that to deny reason itself is intellectually destructive.
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In order to live fully, we need to tackle the incomprehensibility of life itself, including death, nothingness, morality, and metaphysics.
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apply reason to the world, but the project itself gives us the potential to truly live.
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Finally, there is the possible solution of self -obliteration, of taking one's life after confronting the painful futility of the absurd.
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This is, in a sense, the most extreme example of accepting the absurd.
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But Camus asks us if such a solution is truly reasonable.
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He writes, "The absurd is an experience that must be lived through a point of departure, the equivalent in existence of Descartes' Doubt.
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For Camus, to take one's life is to reject freedom itself, the key to living fully.
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Camus proposes his solution which he defines through his idea of the absurd hero.
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The existentialist Jean -Paul Sarch gives us a clear definition of such an individual:
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The absurd man wants to live without relinquishing any of his certainty, without a future, without hope, without illusions, and without resignation either.
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He stares at death with passionate attention, and this fascination liberates him.
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He experiences the divine irresponsibility of the condemned man.
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For Camus, we must live consistently with the absurd.
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This entails the adoption of three mindsets.
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Firstly, to live as an absurd hero is to live in constant revolution.
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One must constantly revolt against one's circumstances, such as the fact that death is unavoidable and defeat is ever -present.
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By doing so, we keep the absurd alive, rebelling with a total lucidity that we will never come out victorious.
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We then find a greater capacity to live in the present.
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Our task to rebel gives us clarity in what we are to do in our time alive.
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Secondly, we must reject the idea of eternal freedom.
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Camus shares Nietzsche's dislike of hope and salvation, the idea that one day we will be free.
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Instead, we should recognize that we are free at every moment, that heaven is on earth,
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Discounting these great hopes, such as the idea that we will understand the world or transcend death or be happy one day, is an important step in appreciating our lives as is.
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Thirdly, we must live with a sense of passion for life itself.
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Camus recommends living as much as possible rather than as good as possible, for the latter is restrictive of our freedom and relies on a relative conception of good you
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An absurd human knows about his mortality and yet doesn't accept it, knows about the limitation of his reasoning,
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yet still holds it dear feels the pleasure and pain of his experiences, and yet tries to take in as many as possible.
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From this, Camus values the artist as the closest to living authentically.
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The artist lives and creates in the moment, willing to abandon one piece to quickly move on to the next one.
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They create out of the absurd recognition that nothing is eternal or sacred, but should nonetheless exist.
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Albert Camus also summarizes his system of philosophy in the myth of Sisyphus, who is condemned by the gods to forever roll a boulder up a mountain,
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only for it to each time fall back down.
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Camus asks us to imagine Sisyphus happy for three reasons that illustrate his absurdism: For one, Sisyphus has no illusions about the futility of his existence.
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He has no conception of a better day or an afterlife.
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His existence is tied to the here and now.
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Nonetheless, Sisyphus revolts against his circumstances permanently by giving his all to a task that he will never finish.
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Despite the futility, he embraces the unreasonableness of it all with absolute lucidity, revolting against nihilism and despair.
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This awareness allows him to be the master of his own fate.
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Bye.
83
From this, Sisyphus is truly free, even in his condition of eternal condemnation.
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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה
שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה C1 מבוסס על הסרטון “A GUIDE TO ABSURDISM: The Philosophy For Living Fully”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: Camus, absurd, sense, Sisyphus, nonetheless. בסרטון הזה יש 83 משפטים ו-1246 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 7:33. הדובר מדבר בקצב טבעי של כ-165 מילים בדקה, קרוב לשיחה יומיומית. רק 79% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית, כך שאוצר המילים מאתגר.
אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה
15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| absurd שם תואר | /əbˈsɜːd/ | אבסורד |
| revolt שם עצם | /ɹɪˈvoʊlt/ | הִתְקוֹמְמוּת, מֶרֶד |
| conception שם עצם | /kənˈsɛpʃən/ | הִתְעַבְּרוּת |
| despair שם עצם | /dɪˈspɛə(ɹ)/ | יֵאוּשׁ \ ייאוש |
| circumstance שם עצם | /ˈsɝ.kəmˌstæns/ | נסיבות |
| philosopher שם עצם | /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/ | פִילוֹסוֹף, הוֹגֵה דֵּעוֹת |
| illusion שם עצם | /ɪˈl(j)uːʒ(ə)n/ | אַשְׁלָיָה |
| punish פועל | /ˈpʌnɪʃ/ | הֶעֱנִישׁ |
| abandon פועל | /əˈbæn.dən/ | נטש, זנח |
| rebel שם עצם | /ˈɹɛb.əl/ | מוֹרֵד |
| liberate פועל | /ˈlɪbəˌɹeɪt/ | שיחרר \ שִׁחְרֵר |
| monotonous שם תואר | /məˈnɑtənəs/ | מונוטוני |
| summarize פועל | /ˈsʌməˌɹaɪz/ | סיכם |
| toothbrush שם עצם | /ˈtuːθ.bɹʌʃ/ | מִבְרֶשֶׁת שִׁנַּיִם |
| transcendence שם עצם | /tɹæn(t)ˈsɛndəns/ | טרנסצנדנטיות |
Phrasal verbs שתשמעו
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| come out פועל | /ˌkʌm ˈaʊt/ | יָצָא |
הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה
הדובר משתמש ב-7 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו we're, doesn't, don't. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.
- הצלילים של “th”: nonetheless /ˌnʌnðəˈlɛs/, thirdly /ˈθɚdli/, toothbrush /ˈtuːθ.bɹʌʃ/, thereby /ðɛɹˈbaɪ/, myth /mɪθ/
- הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: conception /kənˈsɛpʃən/, illusion /ɪˈl(j)uːʒ(ə)n/, punish /ˈpʌnɪʃ/, fascination /fæsɪˈneɪʃən/, relinquish /ɹɪˈlɪŋkwɪʃ/
- מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: unreasonable /ʌnˈɹiːz.(ə)nə.bl̩/, futility /fjuˈtɪləti/, lucidity /l(j)uːˈsɪdɪti/, philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/, absurdity /æbˈsɝd.ɪ.ti/
צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:
- /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: afterlife /ˈæftɚˌlaɪf/, circumstance /ˈsɝ.kəmˌstæns/, abandon /əˈbæn.dən/, absurdism /æbˈsɝdˌɪz.m̩/, absurdity /æbˈsɝd.ɪ.ti/
- /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: unreasonable /ʌnˈɹiːz.(ə)nə.bl̩/, revolt /ɹɪˈvoʊlt/, despair /dɪˈspɛə(ɹ)/, rebel /ˈɹɛb.əl/, horrify /ˈhɒɹɪfaɪ/
- עיצור קולי בסוף מילה — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ בלי להפוך אותם לאטומים: absurd /əbˈsɜːd/, disengage /ˌdɪsɪŋˈɡeɪd͡ʒ/, summarize /ˈsʌməˌɹaɪz/, transcend /tɹæn(t)ˈsɛnd/, restrictive /ɹɪˈstɹɪktɪv/
איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה
- הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
- התחילו במהירות 0.75×, תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט, וחזרו למהירות רגילה כשזה מרגיש קל.
- הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו absurd, revolt, conception.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.