Shadowing Practice: Microservices explained - the What, Why and How? - Learn English Speaking with Video
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In this video, I'm going to talk about microservices.
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First, I'm going to start by explaining what a monolith application architecture is, what were some of the challenges of a monolith architecture,
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and why the industry moved slowly towards the microservices architecture.
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Then we'll see what microservices or microservice architecture is exactly, as well as best practices,
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benefits, and how the communication between microservices actually works.
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We will also see different ways to manage code for microservices application
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and talk about monorepo versus polyrepo and advantages and disadvantages of both.
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So let's get started.
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Before microservices, the standard way of developing applications was with a monolithic architecture.
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This means all the components of the application, the whole code basically is part of a single unit.
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For example, if we had an online shop application, all of its parts like the user authentication,
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shopping cart, product catalog, sales campaigns,
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notification, and so on, all the code for these functionalities would be in one code base as part of one monolithic application.
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Everything is developed, deployed, and scaled as one unit.
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This means the application must be written in a single language with one technology stack with a single runtime.
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And if you have different teams working on different parts of the application, they will need to coordinate to make sure they don't affect each other's work.
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Also, if developers change code for the payment functionality, you would need to build the whole application and deploy it as one package.
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You can't just update and deploy only the payment functionality changes separately.
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So this was a standard way of developing applications, but as applications grew in size and complexity, this led to different challenges.
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First of all, the coordination between teams became more difficult
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because the code was much bigger and parts of the application were more tangled into each other.
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Also, if suddenly you had a usage spike in shopping cart, for example, on holiday dates and you would want to scale only that part of the application,
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you can't do it.
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You need to scale the whole application.
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This in turn means higher infrastructure costs and less flexibility in scaling your application up and down.
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Another issue is, for example, if a payment functionality used a third-party module with a version 1.8,
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while notifications featured needed the same module but required the version 1.7 instead, in a monolith application you would have to pick one
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or the other because it's a single application and you can only have one dependency of the same module.
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Another major issue with monolith applications is
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that the release process of such applications takes longer
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because for changes in any part of the application in any feature you need to test
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and build the whole application to deploy those changes.
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And the answer to all these issues was a microservices architecture.
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So what is microservices exactly?
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With microservices, we break down the application in essentially multiple smaller applications.
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So we have several small or micro applications that make up this one big application.
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Now we have a couple of very important questions when we create a microservices architecture.
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First of all, how do we decide how to break down the application?
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What code goes where and how many such micro applications or microservices do we create?
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How big or small should these microservices be?
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And finally, how do these services then talk to each other?
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First of all, the best practice is to break down the application into components
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or into microservices based on the business functionalities and not technical functionalities.
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So the microservices of an online shop application will be products, shopping cart, user accounts, checkout and so on.
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Because all these are basically business features.
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And in terms of the size, each microservice must do just one isolated thing.
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So you shouldn't have a microservice that is responsible for shopping cart logic and the check out.
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You should always strive to keep one service doing one specific job.
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And a very important characteristic of each microservice is that they should be self-contained and independent from each other.
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This means each service must be able to be developed, deployed and scaled separately without any tight dependencies on any other services,
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even though they are part of the same application.
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And this is called loose coupling.
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So with this best practice approach, if you change something in the payment service, you will only build and deploy the payment service,
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nothing else will be affected.
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And this means the services have their own individual versions, which are not dependent on others.
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So if I release one service, I don't need to release any other service.
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So this release cycle has to be completely independent.
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Now, if these services are isolated and self-contained, how do they connect to each other?
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Because obviously the payment service will need something from the user account to process the payment, or the checkout service will need something from the shopping cart.
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A very common way for microservice communication is using API calls.
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So each service has an endpoint on which it accepts requests from other services.
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So services can talk to each other by sending each other HTTP requests on these endpoints.
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This is a synchronous communication where one service sends a request to another service and waits for the response.
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So the user account service can send an HTTP request to payment service on its API endpoint and vice versa.
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Another common way of communication between microservices is using a message broker with an asynchronous communication.
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Here, services will send messages first to the intermediary message service or a broker, such as RabbitMQ, for example,
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and then the message broker will forward that message to the respective service service.
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So again, user account will send the message to the broker saying,
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please pass this message on to the payment service and message broker will then forward that message to the payment service.
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And a third way of communication between microservices, which is becoming pretty popular, especially in the field of Kubernetes,
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is using a service mesh.
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With service mesh, you have kind of a helper service
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which takes over the complete communication logic
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so you don't have to code this logic into the microservices
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and have this communication logic kind of delegated to this external service.
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So these are different communication options and since the services are all isolated
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and talk to each other either with API calls or using additional services, you can even develop each service with a different programming language.
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And you can have dedicated teams for each service
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that can choose their own technology stack and work on their service without affecting or being affected by other service teams.
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And this is exactly the most important advantage of microservices architecture compared to the monolith.
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However, these benefits come with the price.
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So while microservices made developing and deploying applications easier in many aspects, it also introduced some other challenges that weren't there before.
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When you break down the application into these multiple pieces, this introduces a lot of complexities and challenges.
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One of the main complexities may be configuring the communication part between the services.
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Because a microservice may be down or unhealthy and not responding yet,
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while another service starts sending requests to its API expecting a fulfilled response, in which case you may get unexpected results.
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Also, with microservices deployed and scaled separately, it may become difficult to keep an overview and find out
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when a microservice is down or which service is actually down when something in the application is not working properly.
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So you definitely need a proper configuration of your application setup
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and its pieces to make sure your application as a whole functions well.
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But there are various tools for making all this easier.
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So even though the microservices architecture is complex,
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there are a lot of tools and still more being developed regularly to make running microservices applications easier.
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The most popular one you probably already know is Kubernetes, which is a perfect platform for running large microservices applications.
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Now, before moving on, I'm very excited to give a shout out to HashiCorp,
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which is a company that many of you probably already know about and has a lot of really cool technologies,
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many of those that actually solve various challenges when working with microservices applications.
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From the infrastructure provisioning tool Terraform, to the secret management tool Vault,
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which is pretty much becoming a standard already in the industry for managing and protecting your sensitive data.
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HashiCorp also has a service mesh product called Consul which helps you securely connect and observe your microservices running in any environment.
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So with various tools that HashiCorp offers you can actually provision,
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secure, connect, and run cloud infrastructure for your most important applications and specifically for your microservices applications.
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If you want to learn more about any of these technologies, be sure to check out the whiteboard sessions of HashiCorp's co-founder and CTO,
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who gives really good introductions of all these technologies on YouTube.
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And now let's move on.
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Now obviously an important element of deploying microservices is a CI-CD pipeline.
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In fact, there are many companies with microservices applications that deploy multiple times a day.
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Companies like Amazon, Google and Netflix, they have applications with hundreds of microservices that they deploy thousands of times per day.
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So you can imagine the complexity and the sophistication of their CICT pipelines.
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So in the modern world and workplace, you will be most probably working with microservices
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and in this case you would need to know how to configure release process with a CI-CD pipeline for microservices.
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Now we said microservices is when application components get developed and deployed separately as individual micro applications.
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So the question is how do we manage the code for
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microservices application in a git repository like gitlab for example with one project it's simple we just have one application
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and it gets its own git repository with microservices application we
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have two options for how the code is managed monorepo
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which stands for single repository and polyrepo also multi-repository so monorepo
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or single repository is having one gitlab repository for all the services
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so we would create one project for m1 repo
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so what's the difference here
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or how do we structure multiple micro applications inside one application repository well a common way is using folders
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so you have folders for each service like shopping cart payment notifications etc
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and all the code for those services are in those respective folders And having a monorepo,
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meaning all the services still in one repository,
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makes the code management and development easier because you only have to clone and work with one repository.
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So it simplifies things.
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Plus, if you have some shared code between the services like Kubernetes manifest templates or Helmchart or Docker Compose,
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whatever, you can put them in the root of the project and all the services can basically reuse them.
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But monorepo also comes with some challenges.
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As I mentioned, the most important criterion of microservices is to be completely independent and isolated.
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So no tight coupling between the services inside the code.
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And it becomes easy to break this criterion when you have a monorepo.
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So you have junior developers with less experience in the monorepo setup.
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It's easier to make such mistakes and develop tightly coupled logic or code in your services.
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Another downside of monorepo is when the application becomes really big,
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cloning, fetching and pushing becomes slow because your project is huge.
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And in terms of the CI-CD pipeline, in most of the CI-CD platforms like GitLab CI-CD or Jenkins, you can only create one pipeline for one project.
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So you are building multiple services with a single project pipeline.
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And that means you need to add additional logic in your pipeline code
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that makes sure to only build and deploy the service which has changed.
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So if you make code changes in the payment service, your pipeline code should detect that and only that service should be built, tested and deployed.
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And it is possible to do that, but it's a little bit more challenging.
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One more issue with a monorepo is that since you have just one main branch because you have one repository,
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if developers of one of the services break the main branch, other services and their pipelines will be blocked as well.
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But there are a lot of companies, including very big ones like Google who actually use Monorepo for their applications.
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The second option, which is probably a bit more preferred one, is Polyrepo or multiple repositories.
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With this approach, for each service, we create a separate Git project.
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So the code is completely isolated.
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You can clone and work on them separately because they are in separate repositories.
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Now, even though they are separate application repositories, they are still part of this bigger application.
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So of course, you would want to still have some kind of connection of these repos for an easy management and overview.
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So if you're hosting your code repositories on GitLab,
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for example, you can use GitLab's feature of groups in order to group code for all the microservices
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that belong to the same application in one group to make managing those repositories easier.
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So essentially, you would create a GitLab repository group for your application called My Online Shop,
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and inside this group you can create a separate project for each microservice that belongs to that application.
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If your company has multiple microservices applications, of course this will help keep an overview of what projects belong together.
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But also within the group you can actually create secrets
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or other CI variables that can be shared by all the projects in that group.
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Now what about the CI CD pipeline for a polyrepo?
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Well for polyrepo the CI CD configuration is more straightforward
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because you just have own pipeline for each repository
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so no extra logic is needed to differentiate between the services now of course everything has advantages and disadvantages
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so for polyrepo as well you have some downsides like having
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application code in multiple repositories can make working on the project as a whole harder especially
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if you need to change two or more services at once
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because a feature or a bug fix affects multiple services
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if you need to switch between the services often this can
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also be tedious plus things like searching something across multiple projects from the code editor can be difficult
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or impossible also in the poly repo you can't really share files in the project like kubernetes
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or hell manifest docker compose and
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so on you would either have to duplicate them in each project's repository or have to create dedicated
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project and reference them from there.
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So as you see, both options have their advantages and disadvantages, but the general rule is that if you have a small project with just several microservices,
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you should stick to monorepo and save the overhead of creating and managing and checking out multiple repositories.
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On the other hand, if you have separate teams for each service, if you want to have complete isolation, smaller code base to clone,
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own pipelines, and so on, then of course the polyrepo would be a better option.
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Now I hope this gave you a great introduction to microservices
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and now you understand what it is and why everyone is using it.
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If you're interested to know how to build CI-CD pipelines for microservice applications, then you can check out my complete GitLab CI-CD course in
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which I actually show hands-on demos of how to build CI-CD
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pipelines for microservice applications in a monorepo as well as polyrepo as well as deploying a microservice application to a Kubernetes cluster.
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And generally, if this video was useful, please give it a like and share with your colleagues and subscribe for more content like this.
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With this, thank you for watching and see you in the next video.
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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה
שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה C1 מבוסס על הסרטון “Microservices explained - the What, Why and How?”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: application, microservice, code, project, pipeline. בסרטון הזה יש 184 משפטים ו-2689 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 18:29. הדובר שומר על קצב יציב של כ-145 מילים בדקה, קצב נוח לתרגול Shadowing. 82% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית; כדאי ללמוד את השאר לפני שמתחילים.
אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה
15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| cart שם עצם | /kɑɹt/ | עֲגָלָה |
| monolith שם עצם | /ˈmɑn.əˌlɪθ/ | מונולית |
| broker שם עצם | /ˈbɹoʊkɚ/ | בְּרוֹקֶר |
| microwave שם עצם | /ˈmaɪkɹoʊˌweɪv/ | מִיקְרוֹגַל |
| complexity שם עצם | /kəmˈplɛk.sɪ.ti/ | מורכבות |
| disadvantage שם עצם | /ˌdɪsədˈvæntɪd͡ʒ/ | חיסרון |
| folder שם עצם | /ˈfoʊldɚ/ | תִּיקִיָּה |
| module שם עצם | /ˈmɑd͡ʒul/ | מוֹדוּל |
| notification שם עצם | /ˌnoʊtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/ | הוֹדָעָה |
| criterion שם עצם | /kɹaɪˈtɪɹ.i.ən/ | קרִיטֶרִיוֹן |
| dedicate פועל | /ˈdɛdɪˌkeɪt/ | הקדיש |
| stack שם עצם | /stæk/ | ערמה |
| helper שם עצם | /ˈhɛlpɚ/ | עוֹזֵר |
| intermediary שם עצם | /ˌɪn(t)ɚˈmidiˌɛɹi/ | מְתַוֵּךְ |
| fetch פועל | /fɛt͡ʃ/ | הביא, השיג |
Phrasal verbs שתשמעו
| מילה | משמעות |
|---|---|
| check out פועל | בדק |
דקדוק בסרטון הזה
המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:
| מבנה | בסרטון |
|---|---|
| סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה | is developed · must be written · be developed |
| משפטי זיקה (Relative clauses) who / which + clause — מידע נוסף על אדם או דבר | versions, which are · microservices, which is · Kubernetes, which is |
| הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיו | have dedicated · has changed |
הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה
הדובר משתמש ב-14 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו can't, don't, I'm. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.
- הצלילים של “th”: monolith /ˈmɑn.əˌlɪθ/, monolithic /ˌmɑ.nəˈlɪθ.ɪk/, authentication /ɔːˌθɛntɪˈkeɪʃn̩/, unhealthy /ʌnˈhɛl.θi/
- הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: mesh /mɛʃ/, notification /ˌnoʊtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/, configuration /kənˌfɪɡ.əˈɹeɪ̯.ʃən/, authentication /ɔːˌθɛntɪˈkeɪʃn̩/, sophistication /səˌfɪs.tɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
- מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: repository /ɹɪˈpɒz.ɪ.t(ə.)ɹɪ/, complexity /kəmˈplɛk.sɪ.ti/, disadvantage /ˌdɪsədˈvæntɪd͡ʒ/, notification /ˌnoʊtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/, criterion /kɹaɪˈtɪɹ.i.ən/
צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:
- /w/ — שפתיים מעוגלות, לא /v/: microwave /ˈmaɪkɹoʊˌweɪv/, whiteboard /ˈwaɪtbɔɹd/, straightforward /ˌstɹeɪtˈfɔː(ɹ)wə(ɹ)d/, workplace /ˈwɝkˌpleɪs/
- /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: disadvantage /ˌdɪsədˈvæntɪd͡ʒ/, manifest /ˈmæn.ɪ.fɛst/, stack /stæk/, tangle /ˈtæŋ.ɡəl/, catalogue /ˈkæt.əˌlɔɡ/
- /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: repository /ɹɪˈpɒz.ɪ.t(ə.)ɹɪ/, cart /kɑɹt/, broker /ˈbɹoʊkɚ/, separately /ˈsɛp.ɹət.li/, microwave /ˈmaɪkɹoʊˌweɪv/
איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה
- הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
- תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט במהירות רגילה, וחזרו על כל משפט עד שהקצב שלכם תואם את הדובר.
- הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו cart, monolith, broker.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.