Pratica di Shadowing: Microservices explained - the What, Why and How? - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
Creazione lezione...
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In this video, I'm going to talk about microservices.
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First, I'm going to start by explaining what a monolith application architecture is, what were some of the challenges of a monolith architecture,
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and why the industry moved slowly towards the microservices architecture.
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Then we'll see what microservices or microservice architecture is exactly, as well as best practices,
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benefits, and how the communication between microservices actually works.
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We will also see different ways to manage code for microservices application
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and talk about monorepo versus polyrepo and advantages and disadvantages of both.
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So let's get started.
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Before microservices, the standard way of developing applications was with a monolithic architecture.
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This means all the components of the application, the whole code basically is part of a single unit.
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For example, if we had an online shop application, all of its parts like the user authentication,
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shopping cart, product catalog, sales campaigns,
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notification, and so on, all the code for these functionalities would be in one code base as part of one monolithic application.
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Everything is developed, deployed, and scaled as one unit.
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This means the application must be written in a single language with one technology stack with a single runtime.
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And if you have different teams working on different parts of the application, they will need to coordinate to make sure they don't affect each other's work.
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Also, if developers change code for the payment functionality, you would need to build the whole application and deploy it as one package.
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You can't just update and deploy only the payment functionality changes separately.
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So this was a standard way of developing applications, but as applications grew in size and complexity, this led to different challenges.
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First of all, the coordination between teams became more difficult
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because the code was much bigger and parts of the application were more tangled into each other.
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Also, if suddenly you had a usage spike in shopping cart, for example, on holiday dates and you would want to scale only that part of the application,
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you can't do it.
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You need to scale the whole application.
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This in turn means higher infrastructure costs and less flexibility in scaling your application up and down.
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Another issue is, for example, if a payment functionality used a third-party module with a version 1.8,
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while notifications featured needed the same module but required the version 1.7 instead, in a monolith application you would have to pick one
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or the other because it's a single application and you can only have one dependency of the same module.
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Another major issue with monolith applications is
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that the release process of such applications takes longer
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because for changes in any part of the application in any feature you need to test
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and build the whole application to deploy those changes.
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And the answer to all these issues was a microservices architecture.
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So what is microservices exactly?
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With microservices, we break down the application in essentially multiple smaller applications.
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So we have several small or micro applications that make up this one big application.
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Now we have a couple of very important questions when we create a microservices architecture.
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First of all, how do we decide how to break down the application?
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What code goes where and how many such micro applications or microservices do we create?
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How big or small should these microservices be?
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And finally, how do these services then talk to each other?
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First of all, the best practice is to break down the application into components
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or into microservices based on the business functionalities and not technical functionalities.
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So the microservices of an online shop application will be products, shopping cart, user accounts, checkout and so on.
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Because all these are basically business features.
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And in terms of the size, each microservice must do just one isolated thing.
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So you shouldn't have a microservice that is responsible for shopping cart logic and the check out.
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You should always strive to keep one service doing one specific job.
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And a very important characteristic of each microservice is that they should be self-contained and independent from each other.
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This means each service must be able to be developed, deployed and scaled separately without any tight dependencies on any other services,
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even though they are part of the same application.
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And this is called loose coupling.
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So with this best practice approach, if you change something in the payment service, you will only build and deploy the payment service,
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nothing else will be affected.
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And this means the services have their own individual versions, which are not dependent on others.
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So if I release one service, I don't need to release any other service.
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So this release cycle has to be completely independent.
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Now, if these services are isolated and self-contained, how do they connect to each other?
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Because obviously the payment service will need something from the user account to process the payment, or the checkout service will need something from the shopping cart.
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A very common way for microservice communication is using API calls.
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So each service has an endpoint on which it accepts requests from other services.
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So services can talk to each other by sending each other HTTP requests on these endpoints.
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This is a synchronous communication where one service sends a request to another service and waits for the response.
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So the user account service can send an HTTP request to payment service on its API endpoint and vice versa.
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Another common way of communication between microservices is using a message broker with an asynchronous communication.
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Here, services will send messages first to the intermediary message service or a broker, such as RabbitMQ, for example,
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and then the message broker will forward that message to the respective service service.
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So again, user account will send the message to the broker saying,
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please pass this message on to the payment service and message broker will then forward that message to the payment service.
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And a third way of communication between microservices, which is becoming pretty popular, especially in the field of Kubernetes,
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is using a service mesh.
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With service mesh, you have kind of a helper service
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which takes over the complete communication logic
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so you don't have to code this logic into the microservices
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and have this communication logic kind of delegated to this external service.
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So these are different communication options and since the services are all isolated
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and talk to each other either with API calls or using additional services, you can even develop each service with a different programming language.
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And you can have dedicated teams for each service
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that can choose their own technology stack and work on their service without affecting or being affected by other service teams.
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And this is exactly the most important advantage of microservices architecture compared to the monolith.
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However, these benefits come with the price.
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So while microservices made developing and deploying applications easier in many aspects, it also introduced some other challenges that weren't there before.
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When you break down the application into these multiple pieces, this introduces a lot of complexities and challenges.
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One of the main complexities may be configuring the communication part between the services.
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Because a microservice may be down or unhealthy and not responding yet,
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while another service starts sending requests to its API expecting a fulfilled response, in which case you may get unexpected results.
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Also, with microservices deployed and scaled separately, it may become difficult to keep an overview and find out
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when a microservice is down or which service is actually down when something in the application is not working properly.
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So you definitely need a proper configuration of your application setup
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and its pieces to make sure your application as a whole functions well.
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But there are various tools for making all this easier.
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So even though the microservices architecture is complex,
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there are a lot of tools and still more being developed regularly to make running microservices applications easier.
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The most popular one you probably already know is Kubernetes, which is a perfect platform for running large microservices applications.
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Now, before moving on, I'm very excited to give a shout out to HashiCorp,
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which is a company that many of you probably already know about and has a lot of really cool technologies,
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many of those that actually solve various challenges when working with microservices applications.
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From the infrastructure provisioning tool Terraform, to the secret management tool Vault,
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which is pretty much becoming a standard already in the industry for managing and protecting your sensitive data.
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HashiCorp also has a service mesh product called Consul which helps you securely connect and observe your microservices running in any environment.
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So with various tools that HashiCorp offers you can actually provision,
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secure, connect, and run cloud infrastructure for your most important applications and specifically for your microservices applications.
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If you want to learn more about any of these technologies, be sure to check out the whiteboard sessions of HashiCorp's co-founder and CTO,
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who gives really good introductions of all these technologies on YouTube.
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And now let's move on.
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Now obviously an important element of deploying microservices is a CI-CD pipeline.
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In fact, there are many companies with microservices applications that deploy multiple times a day.
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Companies like Amazon, Google and Netflix, they have applications with hundreds of microservices that they deploy thousands of times per day.
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So you can imagine the complexity and the sophistication of their CICT pipelines.
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So in the modern world and workplace, you will be most probably working with microservices
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and in this case you would need to know how to configure release process with a CI-CD pipeline for microservices.
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Now we said microservices is when application components get developed and deployed separately as individual micro applications.
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So the question is how do we manage the code for
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microservices application in a git repository like gitlab for example with one project it's simple we just have one application
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and it gets its own git repository with microservices application we
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have two options for how the code is managed monorepo
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which stands for single repository and polyrepo also multi-repository so monorepo
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or single repository is having one gitlab repository for all the services
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so we would create one project for m1 repo
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so what's the difference here
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or how do we structure multiple micro applications inside one application repository well a common way is using folders
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so you have folders for each service like shopping cart payment notifications etc
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and all the code for those services are in those respective folders And having a monorepo,
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meaning all the services still in one repository,
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makes the code management and development easier because you only have to clone and work with one repository.
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So it simplifies things.
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Plus, if you have some shared code between the services like Kubernetes manifest templates or Helmchart or Docker Compose,
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whatever, you can put them in the root of the project and all the services can basically reuse them.
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But monorepo also comes with some challenges.
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As I mentioned, the most important criterion of microservices is to be completely independent and isolated.
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So no tight coupling between the services inside the code.
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And it becomes easy to break this criterion when you have a monorepo.
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So you have junior developers with less experience in the monorepo setup.
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It's easier to make such mistakes and develop tightly coupled logic or code in your services.
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Another downside of monorepo is when the application becomes really big,
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cloning, fetching and pushing becomes slow because your project is huge.
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And in terms of the CI-CD pipeline, in most of the CI-CD platforms like GitLab CI-CD or Jenkins, you can only create one pipeline for one project.
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So you are building multiple services with a single project pipeline.
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And that means you need to add additional logic in your pipeline code
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that makes sure to only build and deploy the service which has changed.
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So if you make code changes in the payment service, your pipeline code should detect that and only that service should be built, tested and deployed.
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And it is possible to do that, but it's a little bit more challenging.
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One more issue with a monorepo is that since you have just one main branch because you have one repository,
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if developers of one of the services break the main branch, other services and their pipelines will be blocked as well.
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But there are a lot of companies, including very big ones like Google who actually use Monorepo for their applications.
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The second option, which is probably a bit more preferred one, is Polyrepo or multiple repositories.
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With this approach, for each service, we create a separate Git project.
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So the code is completely isolated.
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You can clone and work on them separately because they are in separate repositories.
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Now, even though they are separate application repositories, they are still part of this bigger application.
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So of course, you would want to still have some kind of connection of these repos for an easy management and overview.
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So if you're hosting your code repositories on GitLab,
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for example, you can use GitLab's feature of groups in order to group code for all the microservices
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that belong to the same application in one group to make managing those repositories easier.
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So essentially, you would create a GitLab repository group for your application called My Online Shop,
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and inside this group you can create a separate project for each microservice that belongs to that application.
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If your company has multiple microservices applications, of course this will help keep an overview of what projects belong together.
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But also within the group you can actually create secrets
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or other CI variables that can be shared by all the projects in that group.
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Now what about the CI CD pipeline for a polyrepo?
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Well for polyrepo the CI CD configuration is more straightforward
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because you just have own pipeline for each repository
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so no extra logic is needed to differentiate between the services now of course everything has advantages and disadvantages
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so for polyrepo as well you have some downsides like having
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application code in multiple repositories can make working on the project as a whole harder especially
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if you need to change two or more services at once
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because a feature or a bug fix affects multiple services
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if you need to switch between the services often this can
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also be tedious plus things like searching something across multiple projects from the code editor can be difficult
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or impossible also in the poly repo you can't really share files in the project like kubernetes
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or hell manifest docker compose and
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so on you would either have to duplicate them in each project's repository or have to create dedicated
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project and reference them from there.
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So as you see, both options have their advantages and disadvantages, but the general rule is that if you have a small project with just several microservices,
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you should stick to monorepo and save the overhead of creating and managing and checking out multiple repositories.
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On the other hand, if you have separate teams for each service, if you want to have complete isolation, smaller code base to clone,
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own pipelines, and so on, then of course the polyrepo would be a better option.
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Now I hope this gave you a great introduction to microservices
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and now you understand what it is and why everyone is using it.
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If you're interested to know how to build CI-CD pipelines for microservice applications, then you can check out my complete GitLab CI-CD course in
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which I actually show hands-on demos of how to build CI-CD
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pipelines for microservice applications in a monorepo as well as polyrepo as well as deploying a microservice application to a Kubernetes cluster.
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And generally, if this video was useful, please give it a like and share with your colleagues and subscribe for more content like this.
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With this, thank you for watching and see you in the next video.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questo video contiene 184 frasi e 2689 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 18:29. Chi parla mantiene un ritmo costante di circa 145 parole al minuto, comodo per lo shadowing. Il 82% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese; conviene studiare le altre prima di iniziare.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole del video che vale la pena imparare, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| deploy verbo | /dɪˈplɔɪ/ | dispiegare, collocare |
| architecture sostantivo | /ˈɑː.kɪˌtɛk.t͡ʃə/ | architettura |
| cart sostantivo | /kɑɹt/ | carretto, carrello |
| functionality sostantivo | funzionalità | |
| separately avverbio | /ˈsɛp.ɹət.li/ | distintamente, separatemente |
| broker sostantivo | /ˈbɹoʊkɚ/ | intermediario, broker |
| isolate verbo | /ˈaɪ.sə.leɪt/ | isolare |
| complexity sostantivo | /kəmˈplɛk.sɪ.ti/ | complessità |
| microwave sostantivo | /ˈmaɪkɹoʊˌweɪv/ | microonda |
| clone sostantivo | /kloʊn/ | clone |
| infrastructure sostantivo | /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/ | infrastruttura |
| connect verbo | /kəˈnɛkt/ | connettere, connettersi |
| component sostantivo | /kəmˈpoʊ.nənt/ | componente |
| developer sostantivo | /dɪˈvɛləpɚ/ | sviluppatore, sviluppatrice |
| overview sostantivo | /ˈoʊ.vɚˌvjuː/ | visione d'insieme, resoconto |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| check out verbo | investigare | |
| find out verbo | scoprire | |
| make up verbo | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | comporsi |
| take over verbo | usurpare |
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | is developed · must be written · be developed |
| Frasi relative who / which + frase — un’informazione in più su una persona o una cosa | versions, which are · microservices, which is · Kubernetes, which is |
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | have dedicated · has changed |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 14 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come can't, don't, I'm. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “th”: unhealthy /ʌnˈhɛl.θi/, monolith /ˈmɑn.əˌlɪθ/, monolithic /ˌmɑ.nəˈlɪθ.ɪk/, authentication /ɔːˌθɛntɪˈkeɪʃn̩/
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: notification /ˌnoʊtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/, mesh /mɛʃ/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, provision /pɹəˈvɪʒ.ən/, configuration /kənˌfɪɡ.əˈɹeɪ̯.ʃən/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: architecture /ˈɑː.kɪˌtɛk.t͡ʃə/, complexity /kəmˈplɛk.sɪ.ti/, infrastructure /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/, developer /dɪˈvɛləpɚ/, notification /ˌnoʊtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Fai shadowing frase per frase a velocità normale, ripetendo ognuna finché il tuo ritmo coincide con quello di chi parla.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come deploy, architecture, cart.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.