शैडोइंग अभ्यास: English Sentence Structure - English Grammar Lesson - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें
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Hi, I'm Olivier.
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Welcome to Oxford Online English.
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In this lesson, you can learn about sentence structure in English.
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You'll learn how to construct all kinds of sentences in English, from the simplest possible sentences to long,
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complex sentences which contain many different ideas. To begin, a question.
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What's the simplest sentence you can make in English?
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What does every sentence in English need?
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Every sentence needs a verb.
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The simplest sentence is an imperative, which means when you tell someone to do something.
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For example, run, leave, work.
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These are the simplest complete sentences you can make in English.
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They're just one word long.
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Of course, most sentences are longer than this.
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Most sentences that are longer than one word also need a noun before the verb.
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The noun is the subject.
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With a subject plus a verb, you can make simple sentences,
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like, he runs, she left, they're working.
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You can see that the verb can be in different forms – past or present, simple or continuous.
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The verb form doesn't change the structure of the sentence.
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These are all the same – subject plus verb.
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Of course, these sentences aren't very interesting.
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You can't say much with short sentences like these.
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Let's add a little more information.
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Take the sentence, he runs.
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What could you add after runs to make it longer?
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You could add an adverb of place.
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He runs around the park.
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You could add an adverb of time.
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He runs every morning.
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You could add both.
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He runs around the park every morning.
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You could add an adverb of manner, he runs slowly.
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You can see that you have many choices, but your choices are also limited.
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In this case, you can use different kinds of adverbs, but there are also things you can't use.
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For example, you can't use another verb after run.
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You can't use an adjective.
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You can't use a noun, or at least you can't use a noun with this meaning of run.
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This is an important point.
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Let's look at it in more detail.
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To build grammatically complete sentences in English, there's one important question.
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What needs to come next?
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For example, you saw the sentence, he runs.
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That's a complete sentence.
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You can put a full stop after runs, and it's correct.
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It's very basic, but it's correct.
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What about these?
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She likes.
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He wants.
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We go.
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These aren't complete sentences.
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Can you explain why not?
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They aren't complete, very simply, because they aren't finished.
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Look at the first sentence, she likes.
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She likes what?
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She has to like something.
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He wants.
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What does he want?
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You can't just want, you have to want something.
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We go. Where?
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At this point, we want to teach you a word, compliment.
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The compliment is the thing you add after a verb to make a sentence complete.
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A complement can have many different forms.
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It can be a noun, a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.
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These things can be single words or phrases.
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For example, when we say noun, we also mean noun phrases.
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So, table is a noun.
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And the wooden table, which my grandmother gave me, is also a noun.
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Both nouns refer to one object, one table.
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For this lesson, a noun can be one word or a phrase.
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Okay, let's practice.
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Look at the first sentence.
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She likes.
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How could you finish this?
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What are the possible complements?
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Pause the video and write down three endings for your sentence.
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Try to use different ideas and structures.
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Ready?
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Let's look at some possible answers.
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These are just our suggestions.
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Of course, there are many possibilities.
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She likes strawberries.
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She likes swimming.
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She likes getting up before the sun rises.
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She likes to listen to music while she works.
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You can see that There's more than one possible complement.
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You can use a noun, a gerund with a verb –ing, which acts like a noun, a gerund phrase, or an infinitive verb with two.
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So you have many choices.
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However, like before, your choices are also limited.
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Only certain structures are possible.
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The idea of complements isn't just for the first verb in the sentence.
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Many words need a compliment.
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For example, look at one of the sentences you just saw.
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She likes getting up before the sun rises.
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Technically, you can say, she likes getting up.
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It's a grammatically complete sentence, but you would never say it.
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Why not?
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Because it doesn't make any sense.
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You need more information.
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She likes getting up. When?
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Why?
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How?
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You need a compliment after getting up to complete the idea.
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She likes getting up before… Before also needs a compliment.
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You can't stop there.
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Before what?
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She likes getting up before the sun.
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This also doesn't work, because it doesn't make sense.
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It doesn't make sense because the sun needs a compliment.
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Before the sun does what?
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She likes getting up before the sun rises.
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OK, finally, we have a sentence which is both grammatically correct and which communicates meaning.
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What should you remember from this?
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Remember that when you use a particular word, you have limited choices in what kind of word you can use next.
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To speak or write in clear, correct English, you don't just need to know English words.
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You need to know what can come next.
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For example, with a verb like like or want, it's not enough to know the verb.
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You also need to know whether the verb needs a complement, and what complements are or aren't possible.
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This is why it's good to learn vocabulary in full phrases and sentences.
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That way, you'll know how to use the words you learn to make sentences you can use in your spoken
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or written English.
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Using what you've seen up to now, you can build many simple English sentences.
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Let's see how you can add more information and more detail to these simple sentences.
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You can add information to a simple sentence in two ways.
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You can add adjectives or adverbs.
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Let's look at an example using a sentence we started before, but we didn't finish.
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He wants… Actually, you should do some work.
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Pause the video and finish this sentence in three different ways.
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Start again when you have your answers.
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Ready?
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Here's our suggestion.
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He wants to buy a car.
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Now let's add some description using adjectives and adverbs.
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Can you see how you could add adjectives to this sentence?
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You could add adjectives before the word car, like this.
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He wants to buy a new car.
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He wants to buy a second-hand car.
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He wants to buy a bright red car.
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What about adverbs?
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Could you add adverbs to these sentences to add some details?
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There are many possibilities.
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For example, apparently he wants to buy a new car.
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He wants to buy a second-hand car next month.
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He wants to buy a bright red car for his new girlfriend.
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You can see that the adverbs can be single words or phrases.
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Adjectives can go before the noun they describe or after some verbs.
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Adverbs are more complicated and can go in many different positions.
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However, this is the important point.
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Using adjectives and adverbs like this doesn't change whether a sentence is complete or not.
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If you say, he wants to buy a car, that's a complete sentence.
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You can add adjectives and adverbs to make it more detailed.
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Apparently, he wants to buy a second-hand car for his new girlfriend.
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However, if a sentence is incomplete, then you can't make it complete by adding adjectives or adverbs.
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He wants to buy.
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This sentence is incomplete.
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Adding adjectives and adverbs won't make it complete.
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So, at this point, you can build a simple sentence.
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You also hopefully understand something about complements and why are they important for making complete sentences,
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and now you can also add description to a complete sentence using adjectives and adverbs.
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Let's look at how you can combine these simple sentences into complex ones.
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First, let's define some words.
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A conjunction is something which joins two sentences, or two parts of a sentence, together.
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Words like and, but, if, although, because, or which are conjunctions.
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A complex sentence contains two or more parts joined with a conjunction.
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These parts are called clauses.
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An independent clause expresses a complete idea and could stand by itself.
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A dependent clause wouldn't make sense if it were by itself.
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A dependent clause depends on an independent clause in this same sentence in order to have meaning.
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Don't worry if this is new.
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You don't need to remember everything right now.
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You'll see lots of examples of these ideas in this section and in the next section, too.
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In this section, you're going to learn about complex sentences with two independent clauses.
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Okay, enough abstract talk.
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Let's see some examples.
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He runs around the park every morning, so he's in pretty good shape.
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She likes strawberries, but she hardly ever eats them.
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You should write to her and thank her for the present.
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These are simple examples of complex sentences.
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Here's your recipe.
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Independent clause plus conjunction plus independent clause.
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You generally need a comma at the end of the first clause, before the conjunction, but comma rules are quite flexible in English,
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so you won't always need a comma.
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Look at the first example.
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He runs around the park every morning, so he's in pretty good shape.
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Which word is the conjunction?
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The conjunction is so.
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You can split this sentence into two full, meaningful sentences.
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Let's look at one more.
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She likes strawberries, but she hardly ever eats them.
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Then you can split this into two full sentences.
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You might think that the second sentence here isn't complete, or doesn't make sense by itself.
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As it is, you'd be right.
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However, you can change them to strawberries, and then it's a complete, meaningful sentence.
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But, she hardly ever eats strawberries.
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You can keep adding conjunctions and clauses for as long as you want.
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She likes strawberries, but she hardly ever eats them.
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And she doesn't earn much money, so she has to be careful how much she spends on groceries.
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And fresh food is generally more expensive than canned or frozen produce,
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so… Of course, just because you can, it doesn't mean it's a good idea.
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Sentences with too many clauses are difficult to follow, so it's generally better to limit your complex sentences to two, maximum three clauses.
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Now you know how to build a complex sentence using independent clauses.
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What about dependent clauses?
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Do you remember the definition of a dependent clause?
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A dependent clause is a part of a sentence which would not make sense by itself.
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Let's see an example.
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She's taller than I am.
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This short sentence has two clauses.
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Can you see where the two clauses start and end, and which one is dependent?
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The two clauses are she's taller and than I am.
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They're linked with the conjunction than.
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The second clause, than I am, is dependent.
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It doesn't make sense by itself.
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Let's see some other ways to build complex sentences with dependent clauses.
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You can add a dependent clause with conjunctions,
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like if, because, although, unless, or wherever.
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For example, if you're late, I'll leave without you.
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He's broke because he spent all his money on beer.
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Although she spends a lot of time at work, she doesn't get much done.
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I won't do it unless you come with me.
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We can meet wherever you want.
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Often, you can change the order of the two clauses if you want.
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So you can say, if you're late, I'll leave without you, or I'll leave without you if you're late.
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Notice that there's a comma between the two clauses if the dependent clause is first, but not if the independent clause is first.
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What's the difference between these complex sentences and the ones you saw in part four?
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Here, you can't split this sentence in two.
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Well, you can, but one of the two parts won't make sense. If you're late.
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I'll leave without you.
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I'll leave without you is an independent clause, so it makes sense by itself.
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But the other clause, if you're late, is dependent, and it doesn't make sense by itself.
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It needs something more to make it complete.
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What other common ways are there to build complex sentences with dependent clauses?
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Another common structure is relative clauses, using relative pronouns like who, which, or what to link two clauses.
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For example, that's the guy who shouted at me.
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I have no idea what's going on.
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They gave us a cake which was made from dried beetroot.
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In these cases, the dependent clause goes after the independent clause.
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Let's review what you've learned in this lesson.
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You can build a very simple sentence with just a verb.
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Work You can add a subject and complement to make a simple sentence.
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She works in a zoo.
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You can use adjectives and adverbs to add description.
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Apparently, she works in a private zoo.
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You can make a complex sentence by adding a second independent clause with a conjunction.
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Apparently, she works in a private zoo, so she must know a lot about animals.
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You can also make a complex sentence by adding a dependent clause, or even several dependent clauses,
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again using conjunctions to connect them.
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Apparently, she works in a private zoo, so she must know a lot about animals,
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which surprises me because, as far as I know, she studied economics at university.
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Although I guess I could be wrong.
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This is a big topic, and it will take you time to learn everything about these points.
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Studying conjunctions and how they work can help you to build complex sentences which are clear and correct.
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Relative clauses are another useful topic if you want to improve your sentence grammar.
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Learning about relative clauses can help you to connect your ideas in complex sentences.
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It's also a good idea to study verb complements and learn what structures you can or can't use after a verb.
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Remember that a lot of sentence structure is being able to answer the question, what needs to come next.
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परिस्थिति
कल्पना कीजिए कि आप किसी दोस्त से बातचीत कर रहे हैं और आप उन्हें अपनी दिनचर्या के बारे में बता रहे हैं। आप उन्हें यह बताना चाहते हैं कि आप सुबह दौड़ने जाते हैं। ऐसे में, आपको सही वाक्य संरचना का प्रयोग करना होगा ताकि आपकी बात स्पष्ट और प्रभावी हो सके। इस बातचीत में, वाक्य बनाने की प्रक्रिया और उसके तत्वों का महत्व समझना बहुत जरूरी है।
उपयोगी वाक्यांश और संयोग
- हर सुबह दौड़ना - He runs every morning
- पार्क के चारों ओर दौड़ना - He runs around the park
- धीरे-धीरे दौड़ना - He runs slowly
- कुछ पसंद करना - She likes something
- किसी चीज़ की इच्छा करना - He wants something
आपकी शैडोइंग चुनौती
अब, आप इस वीडियो से सीख गए वाक्यांशों के साथ अभ्यास कर सकते हैं। अंग्रेजी शैडोइंग तकनीक का उपयोग करें। पहले, वीडियो के एक छोटे से भाग को सुनें और उसके बाद उसे दोहराएं। ध्यान दें कि आप वाक्यों में verb और complement का सही प्रयोग कर रहे हैं या नहीं। यह अभ्यास न केवल आपकी अंग्रेजी बोलने का अभ्यास बढ़ाएगा, बल्कि आपकी सुनने और बोलने की क्षमता को भी निखारेगा। आप इसे रोज़ाना 10-15 मिनट तक करें। इस प्रक्रिया में shadow speech का इस्तेमाल करें और खुद को सही ढंग से व्यक्त करने का प्रयास करें।
याद रखें, वाक्य संरचना सीखना एक यात्रा है। जितना अधिक आप अभ्यास करेंगे, उतना ही बेहतर आप अपनी shadowspeaks क्षमता को विकसित कर पाएंगे।
इस वीडियो का व्याकरण
वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:
| संरचना | वीडियो में |
|---|---|
| शर्त वाले वाक्य if + उपवाक्य, will/would + क्रिया — शर्त और उसका नतीजा | if you're late, I'll leave |
| Relative clauses who / which + उपवाक्य — व्यक्ति या वस्तु के बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारी | imperative, which means · sentence which is · guy who shouted |
| Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है | you've seen · you've learned |
| Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है | are called · was made |
शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?
शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।