शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Introduction to Economics Part 2 - Professor Ryan - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें
अभ्यास मोड चुनें
हर मोड पूरी स्क्रीन का अभ्यास कक्ष खोलता है।
157 वाक्य
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The scientific study of how individuals, organizations, and societies deal with.
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OK, what's happening over here?
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Well, this one's going to be really quick.
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Basically, this over here is what differentiates microeconomics from macroeconomics.
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And you are only doing one of these two this semester.
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Okay?
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Now, microeconomics focuses on individuals, and organizations.
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And macroeconomics focuses on whole societies.
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Okay?
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So, microeconomics, if this class, If what you're in right now is a microeconomics class, you're going to be learning just about individuals and organizations.
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If what you're in right now is a macroeconomics class, then we're going to spend the entire semester talking about societies, cities, governments mostly.
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How do cities make decisions about the problem of scarcity?
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How do states make decisions?
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Mostly what we would talk about is how the country, and in particular the United States,
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how it deals with the problem of scarcity on a large scale with all of the people, not just a handful of the people,
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not just 20 % of the people, not just 10 % of the people, but they're making decisions about scarcity for all of the people.
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Whereas in microeconomics, if this is a microeconomics class, we're going to talk a lot about you
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and how you as an individual make decisions or how how your business or the company that you work for,
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organizations, how they make decisions about the problem of scarcity, okay?
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So economics is the scientific study, so we've got assumptions and conclusions about how individuals,
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organizations, or societies, that would split up whether we're dealing with microeconomics or macroeconomics, how they deal with the problem of scarcity.
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So in economics, now there's lots of different decisions that we can talk about, but we focus on three main questions in the study of economics.
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And those three main questions are, first main question, and we call these the three economic questions.
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You can actually Google that if you want to.
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Okay, so the three economic questions.
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And those three economic questions are what?
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Two is how, and the third question is who or whom.
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I'll just say who for now, but it's who or whom.
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Now these three economic questions are answered, or excuse me, the question
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that is actually asked is going to be a different question whether you are studying microeconomics or macroeconomics. And
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so we're going to get into more detail on these three
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questions as we move into the next part of this lesson where we focus on,
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where I'm going to take you into the actual subject we're talking about this semester.
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So we'll talk about these three economic questions again
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when we get into the next section and break off into either microeconomics or macroeconomics, OK?
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Alright, so, but what does deal with mean?
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So, what generally refers to the idea of what is it that we should do with our resources?
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What should, and normally we focus on production, okay?
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Usually we're dealing with production.
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What should we make?
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Or what should we get?
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What should we focus on?
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What should you do with your money?
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If you're going to get food, should you get food at a restaurant, or what kind of food should you actually get?
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What I just mentioned, that's a how decision.
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But what should we get?
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Should we get food, or maybe we shouldn't get any food at all.
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Maybe we have to make a decision between food and rent, or maybe we have to make a decision between electricity and water.
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Okay?
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What should we be getting with our resources?
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And when we get over here, we're going to be talking a lot about the subject of resources.
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And we can wait on that.
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Alright, how.
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How means how are we going to get the resources?
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How are we going to get what we need?
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Or how are we going to get what we want?
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The how question is usually what's called the, write or buy.
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decision.
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And here's what I mean by that.
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How are we going to deal with this fact that we need food?
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Let's say that you know that you need milk.
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Well, mainly there's two ways of getting milk.
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You can either go to the store and buy milk
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or you can have a cow in your backyard and you can go milk the cow yourself.
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That is called the make or buy decision.
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And all economic agents, all individuals, organizations and societies, they have to decide when they need something,
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are they going to get it by making it themselves or are they going to get it by buying it?
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Here's an interesting, I think it's an interesting example.
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For example, when I was in college, I went to Palm Beach Atlantic University,
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and when I was in college and I lived in my dorm in the Towers residence hall, I wanted a desk.
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I had two choices.
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I could go to the store and buy a desk, or I could make a desk myself.
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Well ultimately I decided to make the desk, and here's why.
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Every desk that I saw in the stores did not have what it was that I wanted.
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I wanted a certain number of drawers.
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I wanted to fit certain things into the drawers.
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I wanted the desk to have a certain depth to it.
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I wanted it to be high enough.
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All the desks that I saw
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that I could buy all seemed to be a little too small and they didn't have all the features that I wanted.
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And therefore, because what I wanted was a desk with certain features,
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I decided that how I was going to get that desk was by making the desk.
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Now, what turned out is it cost about twice as much money,
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maybe more, to make the desk I wanted than it would have cost for me to just buy it.
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So going back in time, I might have decided to just buy the desk instead of making the desk.
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But it was a good desk.
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I used it a lot, and it served me really, really well.
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But that was me dealing with a problem.
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And the problem that I had was that I needed a desk.
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I needed some place to put my computer to be able to do work.
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I needed, there was a lot I needed with this, well, for college, for succeeding in my classes.
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All right, and then who.
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The question of who is a question of who is going to get the stuff.
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Let's say that you're making a decision, I don't know, let's say you have a company, and your company needs some new computers.
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And you have 500 employees, but you're only going to get a hundred computers.
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Well, you have to decide who's going to get those hundred computers,
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because there's going to be 400 less happy people if they didn't get the computer.
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In fact, this reminds me of, there was an episode of, I don't know if you ever watched the television show, The Office.
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There was this episode where the office manager, Pam, she had gotten a new computer for one of the employees.
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And that employee was very happy that they had gotten this new computer.
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And then there was another employee in the office
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and he got really upset that he did not get a new computer when the other person had.
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And so the whole episode, one of the subplots of the whole episode was him trying to figure out how he could get a new computer
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from Pam or from the resources that they had.
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So Pam, the office manager, was dealing with this problem that Andy wanted a new computer even though she had gotten a new computer for Aaron.
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And so that was kind of funny.
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And so the idea here is, in economics, we have to decide, once we get some kind of resource, once we get computers for the office,
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or once we get a brand new drill or saw, we have to decide who's going to get it.
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You know, individuals, families have to make this decision.
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You know, let's say you get a brand new phone, right?
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Okay, your dad gets a brand new phone.
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And you're like, man, I want that brand new phone.
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And so you go to your dad and you say, hey, dad, I know you got a brand new phone.
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Can I have that phone?
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And your dad's like, no, you're getting my old phone.
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I'm getting the new phone.
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And you're like, man, I want the new phone.
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I don't want your old phone.
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But you actually really liked your dad's old phone three weeks ago.
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You're like, man, my dad's phone is way better than mine.
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I wish I could have my dad's phone.
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And then your dad, your dad, who is an individual running a household.
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So by the way, sometimes individuals, we refer to them as households because sometimes they're small groups of individuals.
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Your dad is in charge in this particular case, maybe your mom's in charge,
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but your dad's in charge of dealing with this problem of scarcity in his family.
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And so he's going to decide this who question.
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Dealing with the problem of scarcity, which we'll get to in a second, focuses on these three economic questions and you ask these all the time,
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what am I going to wear today?
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How am I going to wear it?
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and who is going to see me wearing it.
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I don't know.
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That's kind of a stretch.
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But anyway, you have to make these decisions all the time.
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You have to decide on, you know, which car, if you're going to buy a car.
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You know, or first of all, what is, maybe you don't even need a car.
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You decide you need a car because you don't want to ride the train, okay?
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Okay, so now I've made that decision.
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How am I going to get a car?
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Am I going to make the car or buy the car?
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I'm going to buy the car.
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And who am I going to, I don't know, who am I going to buy the car from?
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Or when I get the car, who's going to drive it?
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You have to be really kind of flexible.
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But these are the three main economic questions.
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How individuals, organizations, or societies deal with.
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So what's happening here?
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Ultimately, dealing with means making decisions.
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Making decisions.
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And every single decision that you make in your life is an economic decision.
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You bring me any decision.
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You can text me, email me a decision.
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You can call me and say, here's a decision, and I will tell you how that decision is an economic decision.
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All of the decisions in the universe are economic decisions, and as I said, I'll explain to you why if you don't already understand.
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Hopefully by the end of this semester, you will fully understand why every decision is an economic decision.
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So what we fundamentally have here is that economics is the scientific study of decision -making.
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Why?
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Because making a decision means dealing with the problem of scarcity.
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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव
यह स्पीकिंग पाठ वीडियो “Introduction to Economics Part 2 - Professor Ryan” पर आधारित है। सबसे ज़्यादा दोहराए गए शब्द ये हैं: decision, economic, desk, computer, individual। इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 157 वाक्य और 1874 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 11:54 लंबा है। वक्ता लगभग 157 शब्द प्रति मिनट की स्वाभाविक गति से बोलता है, जो रोज़मर्रा की बातचीत के करीब है। 89% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं, इसलिए शब्दावली आसान है। इसके 157 वाक्यों में से 35 प्रश्न हैं, इसलिए यह प्रश्नों के लहजे और छोटे जवाबों के अभ्यास के लिए अच्छा है।
इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली
वीडियो के 14 सीखने लायक शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:
| शब्द | उच्चारण | अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| desk संज्ञा | /dɛsk/ | मेज़ |
| resource संज्ञा | /ɹɪˈzɔːs/ | संसाधन |
| economics संज्ञा | /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪks/ | अर्थनीति, अर्थशास्त्र |
| drawer संज्ञा | /dɹɔɹ/ | दराज़, ड्रॉअर |
| lesson संज्ञा | /ˈlɛs.ən/ | पाठ, सबक़ |
| conclusion संज्ञा | /kənˈkluːʒən/ | अंतिम |
| remind क्रिया | /ɹəˈmaɪnd/ | याद दिलाना |
| residence संज्ञा | /ˈɹɛz.ɪ.dəns/ | निवास, रहने का स्थान |
| flexible विशेषण | /ˈflɛk.sɪ.bəl/ | लचीला |
| drill संज्ञा | /dɹɪl/ | ड्रिल, बरमा |
| backyard संज्ञा | /bækˈjɑːd/ | बगिया |
| microeconomics संज्ञा | /ˌmaɪkɹəʊˌɛkəˈnɒnɪks/ | व्यष्टि अर्थशास्त्र |
| scarcity संज्ञा | /ˈskɛɹsɪti/ | दुर्लभता |
| macroeconomics संज्ञा | /ˌmæk.ɹoʊˌiː.kəˈnɒ.mɪks/ | समष्टि अर्थशास्त्र |
दोहराने लायक वाक्य
वीडियो के छोटे, पूरे वाक्य जिन्हें आप रोज़ की बातचीत में इस्तेमाल कर सकते हैं:
- What should we focus on?
- What should you do with your money?
- What should we be getting with our resources?
- How are we going to get what we need?
- Can I have that phone?
ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण
वक्ता 40 बार संक्षिप्त रूपों का प्रयोग करता है, जैसे you're, don't, we're। इन्हें वैसे ही छोटा बोलें जैसा आप सुनते हैं।
- “sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: conclusion /kənˈkluːʒən/, assumption /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/, differentiate /dɪf.əˈɹɛn.ʃi.eɪt/
- लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: economics /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪks/, electricity /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/, differentiate /dɪf.əˈɹɛn.ʃi.eɪt/, microeconomics /ˌmaɪkɹəʊˌɛkəˈnɒnɪks/, macroeconomics /ˌmæk.ɹoʊˌiː.kəˈnɒ.mɪks/
हिंदी भाषियों के लिए मुश्किल ध्वनियाँ:
- /z/ — इसे “ज” (/dʒ/) न बनाएँ: resource /ɹɪˈzɔːs/, whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, residence /ˈɹɛz.ɪ.dəns/
- शब्द की शुरुआत में s + व्यंजन — पहले “इ” न जोड़ें: stretch /stɹɛt͡ʃ/, scarcity /ˈskɛɹsɪti/
- /æ/ — “ऐ” से ज़्यादा खुला: whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, handful /ˈhæn(d)fʊl/, backyard /bækˈjɑːd/, macroeconomics /ˌmæk.ɹoʊˌiː.kəˈnɒ.mɪks/
इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें
- पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
- 0.75× गति से शुरू करें, एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें, और सहज लगने पर सामान्य गति पर लौटें।
- अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर desk, resource, economics जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।
शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?
शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।