Prática de Shadowing: Introduction to Economics Part 2 - Professor Ryan - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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The scientific study of how individuals, organizations, and societies deal with.
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OK, what's happening over here?
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Well, this one's going to be really quick.
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Basically, this over here is what differentiates microeconomics from macroeconomics.
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And you are only doing one of these two this semester.
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Okay?
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Now, microeconomics focuses on individuals, and organizations.
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And macroeconomics focuses on whole societies.
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Okay?
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So, microeconomics, if this class, If what you're in right now is a microeconomics class, you're going to be learning just about individuals and organizations.
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If what you're in right now is a macroeconomics class, then we're going to spend the entire semester talking about societies, cities, governments mostly.
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How do cities make decisions about the problem of scarcity?
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How do states make decisions?
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Mostly what we would talk about is how the country, and in particular the United States,
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how it deals with the problem of scarcity on a large scale with all of the people, not just a handful of the people,
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not just 20 % of the people, not just 10 % of the people, but they're making decisions about scarcity for all of the people.
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Whereas in microeconomics, if this is a microeconomics class, we're going to talk a lot about you
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and how you as an individual make decisions or how how your business or the company that you work for,
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organizations, how they make decisions about the problem of scarcity, okay?
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So economics is the scientific study, so we've got assumptions and conclusions about how individuals,
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organizations, or societies, that would split up whether we're dealing with microeconomics or macroeconomics, how they deal with the problem of scarcity.
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So in economics, now there's lots of different decisions that we can talk about, but we focus on three main questions in the study of economics.
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And those three main questions are, first main question, and we call these the three economic questions.
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You can actually Google that if you want to.
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Okay, so the three economic questions.
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And those three economic questions are what?
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Two is how, and the third question is who or whom.
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I'll just say who for now, but it's who or whom.
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Now these three economic questions are answered, or excuse me, the question
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that is actually asked is going to be a different question whether you are studying microeconomics or macroeconomics. And
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so we're going to get into more detail on these three
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questions as we move into the next part of this lesson where we focus on,
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where I'm going to take you into the actual subject we're talking about this semester.
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So we'll talk about these three economic questions again
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when we get into the next section and break off into either microeconomics or macroeconomics, OK?
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Alright, so, but what does deal with mean?
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So, what generally refers to the idea of what is it that we should do with our resources?
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What should, and normally we focus on production, okay?
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Usually we're dealing with production.
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What should we make?
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Or what should we get?
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What should we focus on?
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What should you do with your money?
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If you're going to get food, should you get food at a restaurant, or what kind of food should you actually get?
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What I just mentioned, that's a how decision.
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But what should we get?
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Should we get food, or maybe we shouldn't get any food at all.
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Maybe we have to make a decision between food and rent, or maybe we have to make a decision between electricity and water.
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Okay?
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What should we be getting with our resources?
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And when we get over here, we're going to be talking a lot about the subject of resources.
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And we can wait on that.
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Alright, how.
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How means how are we going to get the resources?
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How are we going to get what we need?
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Or how are we going to get what we want?
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The how question is usually what's called the, write or buy.
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decision.
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And here's what I mean by that.
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How are we going to deal with this fact that we need food?
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Let's say that you know that you need milk.
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Well, mainly there's two ways of getting milk.
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You can either go to the store and buy milk
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or you can have a cow in your backyard and you can go milk the cow yourself.
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That is called the make or buy decision.
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And all economic agents, all individuals, organizations and societies, they have to decide when they need something,
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are they going to get it by making it themselves or are they going to get it by buying it?
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Here's an interesting, I think it's an interesting example.
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For example, when I was in college, I went to Palm Beach Atlantic University,
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and when I was in college and I lived in my dorm in the Towers residence hall, I wanted a desk.
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I had two choices.
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I could go to the store and buy a desk, or I could make a desk myself.
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Well ultimately I decided to make the desk, and here's why.
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Every desk that I saw in the stores did not have what it was that I wanted.
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I wanted a certain number of drawers.
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I wanted to fit certain things into the drawers.
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I wanted the desk to have a certain depth to it.
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I wanted it to be high enough.
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All the desks that I saw
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that I could buy all seemed to be a little too small and they didn't have all the features that I wanted.
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And therefore, because what I wanted was a desk with certain features,
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I decided that how I was going to get that desk was by making the desk.
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Now, what turned out is it cost about twice as much money,
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maybe more, to make the desk I wanted than it would have cost for me to just buy it.
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So going back in time, I might have decided to just buy the desk instead of making the desk.
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But it was a good desk.
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I used it a lot, and it served me really, really well.
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But that was me dealing with a problem.
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And the problem that I had was that I needed a desk.
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I needed some place to put my computer to be able to do work.
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I needed, there was a lot I needed with this, well, for college, for succeeding in my classes.
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All right, and then who.
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The question of who is a question of who is going to get the stuff.
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Let's say that you're making a decision, I don't know, let's say you have a company, and your company needs some new computers.
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And you have 500 employees, but you're only going to get a hundred computers.
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Well, you have to decide who's going to get those hundred computers,
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because there's going to be 400 less happy people if they didn't get the computer.
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In fact, this reminds me of, there was an episode of, I don't know if you ever watched the television show, The Office.
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There was this episode where the office manager, Pam, she had gotten a new computer for one of the employees.
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And that employee was very happy that they had gotten this new computer.
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And then there was another employee in the office
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and he got really upset that he did not get a new computer when the other person had.
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And so the whole episode, one of the subplots of the whole episode was him trying to figure out how he could get a new computer
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from Pam or from the resources that they had.
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So Pam, the office manager, was dealing with this problem that Andy wanted a new computer even though she had gotten a new computer for Aaron.
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And so that was kind of funny.
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And so the idea here is, in economics, we have to decide, once we get some kind of resource, once we get computers for the office,
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or once we get a brand new drill or saw, we have to decide who's going to get it.
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You know, individuals, families have to make this decision.
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You know, let's say you get a brand new phone, right?
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Okay, your dad gets a brand new phone.
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And you're like, man, I want that brand new phone.
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And so you go to your dad and you say, hey, dad, I know you got a brand new phone.
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Can I have that phone?
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And your dad's like, no, you're getting my old phone.
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I'm getting the new phone.
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And you're like, man, I want the new phone.
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I don't want your old phone.
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But you actually really liked your dad's old phone three weeks ago.
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You're like, man, my dad's phone is way better than mine.
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I wish I could have my dad's phone.
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And then your dad, your dad, who is an individual running a household.
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So by the way, sometimes individuals, we refer to them as households because sometimes they're small groups of individuals.
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Your dad is in charge in this particular case, maybe your mom's in charge,
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but your dad's in charge of dealing with this problem of scarcity in his family.
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And so he's going to decide this who question.
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Dealing with the problem of scarcity, which we'll get to in a second, focuses on these three economic questions and you ask these all the time,
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what am I going to wear today?
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How am I going to wear it?
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and who is going to see me wearing it.
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I don't know.
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That's kind of a stretch.
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But anyway, you have to make these decisions all the time.
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You have to decide on, you know, which car, if you're going to buy a car.
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You know, or first of all, what is, maybe you don't even need a car.
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You decide you need a car because you don't want to ride the train, okay?
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Okay, so now I've made that decision.
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How am I going to get a car?
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Am I going to make the car or buy the car?
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I'm going to buy the car.
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And who am I going to, I don't know, who am I going to buy the car from?
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Or when I get the car, who's going to drive it?
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You have to be really kind of flexible.
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But these are the three main economic questions.
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How individuals, organizations, or societies deal with.
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So what's happening here?
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Ultimately, dealing with means making decisions.
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Making decisions.
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And every single decision that you make in your life is an economic decision.
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You bring me any decision.
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You can text me, email me a decision.
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You can call me and say, here's a decision, and I will tell you how that decision is an economic decision.
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All of the decisions in the universe are economic decisions, and as I said, I'll explain to you why if you don't already understand.
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Hopefully by the end of this semester, you will fully understand why every decision is an economic decision.
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So what we fundamentally have here is that economics is the scientific study of decision -making.
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Why?
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Because making a decision means dealing with the problem of scarcity.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “Introduction to Economics Part 2 - Professor Ryan”. As palavras que mais se repetem: decision, economic, desk, computer, individual. Este vídeo tem 157 frases e 1874 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 11:54. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 157 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. 89% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é fácil de acompanhar. 35 das 157 frases são perguntas, por isso é um bom treino para a entonação de perguntas e respostas curtas.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| desk substantivo | /dɛsk/ | escrivaninha, carteira |
| resource substantivo | /ɹɪˈzɔːs/ | recurso, expediente |
| economics substantivo | /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪks/ | economia |
| semester substantivo | /sɪˈmɛstɚ/ | semestre |
| household adjetivo | /ˈhaʊshoʊld/ | familiar |
| refer verbo | /ɹɪˈfɜː/ | encaminhar |
| drawer substantivo | /dɹɔɹ/ | gaveta |
| lesson substantivo | /ˈlɛs.ən/ | lição |
| electricity substantivo | /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/ | eletricidade |
| whereas | /(h)wɛɹˈæz/ | enquanto, ao passo que |
| conclusion substantivo | /kənˈkluːʒən/ | conclusão |
| remind verbo | /ɹəˈmaɪnd/ | lembrar, recordar |
| residence substantivo | /ˈɹɛz.ɪ.dəns/ | residência |
| stretch verbo | /stɹɛt͡ʃ/ | esticar |
| succeed verbo | /səkˈsiːd/ | seguir |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| figure out verbo | descobrir, deduzir |
| get over verbo | superar |
| turn out verbo | terminar |
Frases que vale a pena repetir
Frases curtas e completas do vídeo que você pode usar na conversa do dia a dia:
- What should we focus on?
- What should you do with your money?
- What should we be getting with our resources?
- How are we going to get what we need?
- Can I have that phone?
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 40 contrações e formas reduzidas, como you're, don't, we're. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: conclusion /kənˈkluːʒən/, assumption /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/, differentiate /dɪf.əˈɹɛn.ʃi.eɪt/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: economics /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪks/, electricity /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/, differentiate /dɪf.əˈɹɛn.ʃi.eɪt/, microeconomics /ˌmaɪkɹəʊˌɛkəˈnɒnɪks/, macroeconomics /ˌmæk.ɹoʊˌiː.kəˈnɒ.mɪks/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: desk /dɛsk/, household /ˈhaʊshoʊld/, remind /ɹəˈmaɪnd/, succeed /səkˈsiːd/, backyard /bækˈjɑːd/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: flexible /ˈflɛk.sɪ.bəl/, handful /ˈhæn(d)fʊl/, drill /dɹɪl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: household /ˈhaʊshoʊld/, whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, handful /ˈhæn(d)fʊl/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como desk, resource, economics.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.