シャドーイング練習: COLREG in Restricted Visibility - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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1
Welcome to this training module about avoiding collisions and close quarter situations in restricted visibility.
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We will assume that you are familiar with the collision regulations as well as radar and ARPA equipment,
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because the purpose of Section 1 of this module is to revise your knowledge of the rules
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and how they can be applied in restricted visibility.
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In Section 2, we will make use of some case studies
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and radar simulation to see how techniques can be applied in practice.
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Finally, in Section 3, a number of simulated radar situations are presented for you to practice and assess your own performance.
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Throughout the module, you can move freely from section to section, navigate within a section
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or pause the program at any time by using the controls at the bottom left corner of the screen.
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In the first section, we will examine the rules and see how to apply them to analyse traffic situations in restricted visibility,
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to determine if any vessel presents a risk of collision or a close quarters situation,
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and to decide on the best action to take to avoid a collision or a close quarters situation.
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We will start by examining the collision regulations that apply in restricted visibility.
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There is of course section 3 of the steering and sailing rules
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which deals specifically with the conduct of vessels in restricted visibility.
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However, remember that all the rules in Section 1 of the Steering and Sailing Rules are also relevant,
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as they are applicable in any condition of visibility.
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These include Rule 5, Lookout, Rule 6, Safe Speed, Rule 9,
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Narrow Channels and Rule 10, Traffic Separation Schemes.
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Later on, we will look at Rule 7, Risk of Collision, Rule 8, Action to Avoid Collision, and Parts D and E of Rule 19.
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These provide the basis for taking action to avoid collisions and close quarters situations in restricted visibility.
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We are going to look first at parts A, B and C of Rule 19,
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which provide underlying guidance about the application of the collision regulations and the conduct of vessels in restricted visibility.
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Remember, if you can see the other vessel then
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Rule 19 does not apply
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However, you don't necessarily have to be in an area of restricted visibility
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Rule 19 may also apply near an area of restricted visibility
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A target tracked on your radar might be inside the area of restricted visibility while your vessel is outside.
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Because you cannot visually see the tracked target, Rule 19 would apply.
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All vessels are to proceed at a safe speed.
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The factors that we used to determine safe speed are dealt with in Rule 6.
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It is very important that a power driven vessel's engine is ready for immediate manoeuvre.
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If this isn't the case, then an alteration of course is the only action available, and this will limit your options considerably.
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You As mentioned earlier, it is not just rule 19 that applies in restricted visibility.
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All the rules in section 1 of the steering
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and sailing rules are also relevant as they apply in any condition of visibility.
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We are now going to look at the rules in the order
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that we might use them during restricted visibility to detect and avoid a potential collision or close -quarters situation.
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Firstly, we will examine how to apply
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Rule 7 to determine if risk of collision exists or a close -quarters situation is developing.
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Then we will see how to apply
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Rule 19D and Rule 8 when deciding on the action to take to avoid a collision
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or close quarters situation in restricted visibility.
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Finally, we will consider
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Rule 19E which deals with the action to take when you have been unable to avoid a close quarters situation.
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It is essential to keep a good visual and listening watch for sight
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or sound of potential threats to your vessel in restricted visibility.
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You should make proper use of radar to assess the risk of collision.
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Remember, if you are in any doubt about a developing situation, assume that risk of collision exists and take action.
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It is important to use radar range scales sensibly and effectively.
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The situation with respect to targets within a few miles of
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the vessel will appear much more clearly on a lower range scale.
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Where a vessel is equipped with more than one radar set, then one set is always available for long -range scanning.
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Automatic plotting devices, such as ARPA sets, allow systematic plotting of a large number of targets simultaneously.
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However, full information is only provided about targets that have been acquired.
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A full assessment of the situation is essential in order to apply the rules correctly and effectively.
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A radar observer will take several minutes to complete a manual plot of a target.
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It is important to remember
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that an ARPA also requires several minutes to provide accurate information about a target
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if the radar is compass stabilized interfaced with the compass
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then it is possible to observe the compass bearing of the target on the radar set
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if the compass bearing does not appreciably change risk of collision is deemed to exist
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an electronic bearing line fixed to own ship is a convenient
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way of observing changes to the compass bearing of a target
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but remember when using a radar to observe changes in compass bearings problems may occur
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when approaching large targets or when approaching targets at close range.
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There may also be errors caused by the characteristics, efficiency and limitations of radar equipment.
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Relative motion trails on a radar have always provided a reliable indication of collision risk.
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If the relative movement of a target is towards own ship's position on the display,
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then risk of collision may exist or a close quarter situation may be developing.
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On an ARPA display, if risk of collision exists within a tracked target,
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then the relative vector of the target will point at own ship's position on the screen.
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CPA and TCPA alarms can be set to provide warning of collision risk or potential close -quarter situations with track targets.
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It is vital to determine if a risk of collision exists
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or if a close -quarter situation is developing with each vessel detected by radar.
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If risk of collision exists, or a close -quarter situation is developing with another vessel,
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then both vessels are required to take action to avoid collision or to prevent the close -quarter situation.
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Remember, there is no such thing as a stand -on vessel in restricted visibility.
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Part D of Rule 19 is often misapplied.
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Remember that subsections 1 and 2 of Rule 19D apply only to the risk of collision or potential close -quarters situation.
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The vessels referred to in subsections 1
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and 2 are vessels where risk of collision does exist or a close quarters situation is developing
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The idea is to use the rule to decide what options you have with regard to taking action
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Note that the rule doesn't tell you what to do, but instead offers guidelines and advice.
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If the target posing the risk of collision or a close -quarter situation is forward of your beam,
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try to avoid altering to port unless you are overtaking it.
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If the target posing the risk of collision or a close quarters situation is a beam or a BAFTA beam,
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try to avoid altering course in a direction that would take you towards that vessel.
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The actions just discussed should be avoided as far as possible.
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This means that if an alternative option to avoid collision is available and complies with the rules and achieves a safe outcome,
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it should be taken.
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Any action taken should comply with all the relevant steering and sailing rules.
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The use of the word positive in Rule 8 means that if the circumstances of the case admit,
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your action should be such that the situation is resolved and a safe CPA is achieved by your action alone.
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Generally speaking, the earlier the action is taken, the more effective it will be.
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Good seamanship should be observed, for example allowing another vessel appropriate room to pass clear of a navigation mark.
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Any alteration of course or speed should be apparent to other vessels.
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Generally speaking, alterations of course are more obvious to other vessels,
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whether observing visually or by radar because ships usually take longer to change speed than to alter course.
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This will of course depend on the ship type.
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Alterations of speed made by ships that accelerate and decelerate quickly will be readily observed.
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It is important to remember that it may take several minutes to complete a systematic plot on a radar or ARPA.
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A series of small alterations should not be used because they may not be readily apparent to an observer using radar.
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As well as being more obvious to other vessels, altering course is often the most effective or efficient way to avoid a close quarter situation.
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Any action taken should result in passing at a safe distance from other vessels
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The definition of a safe distance will depend on the circumstances
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In open water, there is no reason to pass close to another vessel.
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However, in areas like the Dover Strait or Singapore Strait, distances may have to be reduced.
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Remember that in achieving a safe distance, you must comply with all the steering and sailing rules.
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The alternative to an alteration of course is an alteration of speed.
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Reducing speed can be used to avoid a close -quarters situation or collision, or to allow more time to assess the situation.
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Rule 19 states that, in restricted visibility, a power -driven vessel shall have her engines ready for immediate manoeuvre,
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so reducing speed shouldn't be a problem.
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However, remember that
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Rule 8 applies in any condition of visibility.
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Let's look at a specific example here.
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According to Rule 10, a vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of
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any vessel following a traffic lane in a traffic separation scheme adopted by the International Maritime Organization under any condition of visibility.
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However, in restricted visibility, if risk of collision exists, then both parties are required to take action to avoid collision.
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If you have not been able to avoid a close quarter situation, slowing down or stopping may allow more time for further assessment.
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Finally, remember that the radar may not detect every target
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and it can be difficult to accurately determine the direction of the fog signal.
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Again, slowing down or stopping may allow more time for further assessment.
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So far in this training module, we have looked at parts A, B and C of Rule 19,
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which provide guidance about the application of the collision regulations and the conduct of vessels in restricted visibility.
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Then we looked at how to apply
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Rule 7 to determine a potential risk of collision or close -quarter situation.
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Next, we examined how to apply
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Rule 19D and Rule 8 when deciding on the action to take to avoid a collision
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or close -quarter situation in restricted visibility.
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Finally, we looked at Rule 19E, dealing with the action to take when you have been unable to avoid a close -quarter situation.
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In the next section of the module, we will consider how to apply our understanding of the collision regulations to some practical examples.
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In Section 2 of this training module, we will make use of some case studies
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and radar simulation to see how the guidance we looked at in Section 1 can be applied in practice.
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Firstly, we will look at how to apply
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Rule 7 to determine whether there is a potential risk of a collision or close -quarters situation.
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Then we will see how to apply
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Rule 19D and Rule 8 to decide upon the action to take to avoid a collision
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or close -quarter situation in restricted visibility.
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In section 1, we noted that if the relative movement of a target is towards own ship's position on the radar display,
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then risk of collision may exist, or a close quarter situation may be developing.
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On an ARPA, if risk of collision exists with a tracked target,
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then the relative vector of the target will point at own ship's position on the screen.
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In the following examples, we will use the relative vectors on the ARPA display to determine
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which targets present a risk of collision or close -quarters situation.
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OwnShip is overtaking target 1 in this example.
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The relative vector indicates risk of collision because it is pointing to OwnShip's position on the radar display.
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The alphanumeric information confirms this with a CPA of 0.
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Target 2 is crossing from starboard to port.
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The relative vector of Target 2 shows it to be passing astern of own ship.
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The alphanumeric information confirms this with a CPA of 1 .5 miles.
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In the second example, target 1 is crossing from starboard to port.
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A close quarter situation is developing, indicated by the relative vector pointing near to own ship's position on the radar display.
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The alphanumeric information confirms this with a CPA of 0 .2 miles.
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Target 2 is overtaking own ship.
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The relative vector shows it to be drawing slowly ahead of own ship.
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The alphanumeric information confirms this with a CPA of 1 mile.
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In this example, target 1 is abaft the starboard beam of own ship and is overtaking own ship.
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The relative vector indicates risk of collision because it is pointing to own ship's position on the radar display.
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The alphanumeric information confirms this with a CPA of 0.
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Target 2 has no relative vector, so it must have the same course and speed as on ship.
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The alphanumeric information confirms this as there is no TCPA information.
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Both vessels are forward of the beam and crossing from port to starboard in this example.
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The relative vector of target 1 indicates a risk of collision
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because it is pointing to own ship's position on the radar display.
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The alphanumeric information confirms this with a CPA of 0 .1 miles
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The relative vector of target 2 shows it will pass a stern of own ship
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The alphanumeric information confirms this with a CPA of 1 .5 miles
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In this example, target 1 is overtaking own ship.
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The relative vector indicates risk of collision because it is pointing to own ship's position on the radar display.
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The alphanumeric information confirms this with a CPA of 0.
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The relative vector of target 2, which is crossing from port to starboard, shows it will pass ahead of on ship.
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The alphanumeric information confirms this with a CPA of 2 .4 miles.
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In this part of Section 2, we will look at the action to take when there is a risk of collision or a close quarters situation.
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Rule 19D and Rule 8 provide directions on the action to take.
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The vessels referred to in subsections 1 and 2 of Rule 19D are vessels where risk of collision does exist,
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or a close -quarter situation is developing.
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You should use the rule to decide what options you have with regard to taking action.
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Rule 8 provides advice about how to take action to avoid collision.
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For example, the rule says that early and positive action should be taken,
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alterations should be apparent and a safe distance should be kept from other vessels.
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In the following examples, we will use the relative
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and true vectors on an ARPA display to determine whether the targets present a risk of collision
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or a close quarter situation and what action to take using
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Rule 19D and Rule 8.
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In this example, we start with the relative vector presentation to determine whether risk of collision or a close -quarter situation exists.
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The relative vector of target 1 on the port bow is pointing at own ship, therefore risk of collision exists.
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Changing to the True Vector presentation shows that the target is crossing from port to starboard.
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The target is forward of the beam.
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According to Rule 19D, if action to avoid collision consists of an alteration of course, then, so far as possible,
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avoid altering to port for a vessel forward of the beam, other than for a vessel being overtaken.
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Owned ship is not overtaking this target,
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therefore the options available according to Rule 19D are to alter course to starboard or reduce speed.
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To decide which of these options would be preferable when applying
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Rule 8, make use of the trial manoeuvre facility on the ARPA.
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In the next example, we start again with a relative vector presentation to determine whether risk of collision
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or a close -quarter situation exists.
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The relative vector of target 1 on the port bow is pointing at own ship, therefore risk of collision exists.
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The true vector presentation shows that own ship is overtaking the target.
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The target is forward of the beam.
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According to Rule 19D, if action to avoid collision consists of an alteration of course, then, so far as possible,
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avoid altering to port for a vessel forward of the beam, other than for a vessel being overtaken.
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Own ship is overtaking this target, therefore the options available according to Rule 19D are to alter course to starboard,
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alter course to port or reduce speed.
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To decide which of these options would be preferable when applying
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Rule 8, make use of the trial maneuver on the ARPA.
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In this example, the relative vector presentation shows that a risk of collision exists with target 1 on the starboard beam,
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because the relative vector of the target is pointing at own ship.
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Changing to the true vector presentation shows that the target is crossing from starboard to port.
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The target is on the beam.
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According to Rule 19D, if action to avoid collision consists of an alteration of course, then, so far as possible,
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avoid altering towards a vessel a beam, or abaft the beam.
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The target is a beam to starboard, therefore the options available according to Rule 19 D are to alter course to port,
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reduce speed or a combination of an alteration to port and a reduction of speed.
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To decide which of these options would be preferable when applying
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Rule 8, make use of the trial manoeuvre facility on the ARPA.
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In this example, the relative vector presentation shows
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that a risk of collision exists with target 1 on the starboard bow
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because the relative vector of the target is pointing at own ship.
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Changing to the true vector presentation shows that the target is crossing from starboard to port.
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The target is forward of the beam.
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According to Rule 19D, if action to avoid collision consists of an alteration of course, then, so far as possible,
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avoid altering to port for a vessel forward of the beam, other than for a vessel being overtaken.
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Own ship is not overtaking this target,
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therefore, the options available according to Rule 19D are to alter course to starboard or reduce speed.
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To decide which of these options would be preferable when applying
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Rule 8, make use of the trial maneuver on the ARPA.
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In this example, the relative vector presentation shows
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that a risk of collision exists with target 1 on the port quarter
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because the relative vector of the target is pointing at own ship.
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Changing to the true vector presentation shows that the target is abaft the beam and is overtaking own ship.
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According to Rule 19D, if action to avoid collision consists of an alteration of course, then, so far as possible,
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avoid altering towards a vessel a beam or abaft the beam.
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The target is a BAFTA beam to port, therefore the options available according to Rule 19D are to alter course to starboard,
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reduce speed, or a combination of an alteration to starboard and a reduction of speed.
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To decide which of these options would be preferable when applying
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Rule 8, make use of the trial manoeuvre facility on the ARPA.
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In the final example of Section 2, the radar has the limits of a traffic separation scheme overlaid on the display.
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Target 1 is on the starboard bow of own ship, in the inshore traffic zone.
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The relative vector presentation shows that a risk of collision exists
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because the relative vector of the target is pointing at own ship.
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changing to the true vector presentation shows that the target is crossing from starboard to port
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rule 10 traffic separation schemes still applies in restricted visibility a
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vessel navigating in the traffic separation scheme is not relieved of her duty to take action
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if there is a risk of collision or close quarters situation with another vessel this principle applies in good or restricted visibility.
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In this case, own ship must take action to avoid a close -quarter situation with the crossing vessel.
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According to Rule 19D, if action to avoid collision consists of an alteration of course, then, so far as possible,
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avoid altering to port for a vessel forward of the beam, other than for a vessel being overtaken.
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Own ship is not overtaking this target.
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Therefore, the options available according to Rule 19D are to alter course to starboard or reduce speed.
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To decide which of these options would be preferable when applying
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Rule 8, make use of the trial manoeuvre facility on the ARPA.
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In Section 2 of this training module, we made use of radar simulation case studies to learn the techniques of applying
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Rule 7 to determine a potential risk of collision, or close quarters situation.
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Then we used case studies to look at the application of Rule 19D
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and Rule 8 to decide on the action to take to avoid a collision or close quarters situation in restricted visibility.
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In the final section of the module, you will use radar simulation case studies for practice and self -assessment.
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In the final section of the module, you will use radar simulation exercises to practice
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and assess your skills in applying the collision regulations to determine the risk of a collision
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or close quarters situation and to decide on the correct avoiding action to take.
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There are ten self -assessment exercises
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and in each you will need to decide whether there is a risk of collision
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or a close -quarters situation with any of the targets.
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If there is, you will need to decide on the most appropriate action to take.
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If you get the answer to any part of an exercise wrong, the program will move on to the next exercise.
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When all ten exercises have been completed, you will receive a score.
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To assist you, the radar display is interactive, and by moving your mouse over the control buttons,
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you can change between relative and true vectors and turn the range rings on or off.
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You can also move your mouse over the targets to display the appropriate alphanumeric information.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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You Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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You have completed all the exercises and scored 10 out of 10.
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Well done.
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This demonstrates that you are competent in the use of radar to avoid collision and close -quarters situations in restricted visibility.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「COLREG in Restricted Visibility」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：rule, collision, target, situation, vessel。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が286文、単語が3791語あります。 音声の長さは45:03です。 話す速さはゆっくりで、1分あたり約84語です。一つ一つの音をまねる余裕があります。 英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は77%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。
この動画の重要語彙
動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| collision 名詞 | /kəˈlɪʒn̩/ | 衝突 |
| vessel 名詞 | /ˈvɛsəl/ | 船舶 |
| vector 名詞 | /ˈvɛktɚ/ | ベクトル |
| radar 名詞 | /ˈɹeɪˌdɑɹ/ | レーダー, 電波探知機 |
| relative 名詞 | /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/ | 親戚, 身内 |
| visibility 名詞 | /ˌvɪz.əˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/ | 可視, 顕在 |
| restrict 動詞 | /ɹɪˈstɹɪkt/ | 制限する |
| beam 名詞 | /ˈbiːm/ | 梁, 桁 |
| alter 動詞 | /ˈɔl.təɹ/ | 変える, 変更する |
| presentation 名詞 | /ˌpɹɛzn̩ˈteɪʃn̩/ | 贈呈 |
| confirm 動詞 | /kənˈfɝm/ | 確認する |
| module 名詞 | /ˈmɑd͡ʒul/ | モジュール |
| regulation 名詞 | /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/ | 規制 |
| observe 動詞 | /əbˈzɜːv/ | 守る, 従う |
| consist 名詞 | /kənˈsɪst/ | 編成 |
動画に出てくる句動詞
| 単語 | 意味 |
|---|---|
| slow down 動詞 | 遅らせる |
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | can be applied · are presented · are dealt |
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | have been · have been acquired · have always provided |
注意したい発音
話し手はdoesn't, don't, isn'tなど、短縮形や弱形を4回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: collision /kəˈlɪʒn̩/, presentation /ˌpɹɛzn̩ˈteɪʃn̩/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, separation /ˌsɛp.əˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, simulation /ˌsɪm.jəˈleɪ.ʃn̩/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: visibility /ˌvɪz.əˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, separation /ˌsɛp.əˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, systematic /ˌsɪs.tɪˈmæt.ɪk/, visually /ˈvɪzju.əli/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: relative /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/, alter /ˈɔl.təɹ/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, readily /ˈɹɛdɪli/, firstly /ˈfɜɹstli/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: vessel /ˈvɛsəl/, vector /ˈvɛktɚ/, relative /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/, visibility /ˌvɪz.əˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/, observe /əbˈzɜːv/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: confirm /kənˈfɝm/, refer /ɹɪˈfɜː/, firstly /ˈfɜɹstli/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/, efficiency /ɪˈfɪʃ.ən.si/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- 通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。collision, vessel, vectorなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。