ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: COLREG in Restricted Visibility
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1
Welcome to this training module about avoiding collisions and close quarter situations in restricted visibility.
2
We will assume that you are familiar with the collision regulations as well as radar and ARPA equipment,
3
because the purpose of Section 1 of this module is to revise your knowledge of the rules
4
and how they can be applied in restricted visibility.
5
In Section 2, we will make use of some case studies
6
and radar simulation to see how techniques can be applied in practice.
7
Finally, in Section 3, a number of simulated radar situations are presented for you to practice and assess your own performance.
8
Throughout the module, you can move freely from section to section, navigate within a section
9
or pause the program at any time by using the controls at the bottom left corner of the screen.
10
In the first section, we will examine the rules and see how to apply them to analyse traffic situations in restricted visibility,
11
to determine if any vessel presents a risk of collision or a close quarters situation,
12
and to decide on the best action to take to avoid a collision or a close quarters situation.
13
We will start by examining the collision regulations that apply in restricted visibility.
14
There is of course section 3 of the steering and sailing rules
15
which deals specifically with the conduct of vessels in restricted visibility.
16
However, remember that all the rules in Section 1 of the Steering and Sailing Rules are also relevant,
17
as they are applicable in any condition of visibility.
18
These include Rule 5, Lookout, Rule 6, Safe Speed, Rule 9,
19
Narrow Channels and Rule 10, Traffic Separation Schemes.
20
Later on, we will look at Rule 7, Risk of Collision, Rule 8, Action to Avoid Collision, and Parts D and E of Rule 19.
21
These provide the basis for taking action to avoid collisions and close quarters situations in restricted visibility.
22
We are going to look first at parts A, B and C of Rule 19,
23
which provide underlying guidance about the application of the collision regulations and the conduct of vessels in restricted visibility.
24
Remember, if you can see the other vessel then
25
Rule 19 does not apply
26
However, you don't necessarily have to be in an area of restricted visibility
27
Rule 19 may also apply near an area of restricted visibility
28
A target tracked on your radar might be inside the area of restricted visibility while your vessel is outside.
29
Because you cannot visually see the tracked target, Rule 19 would apply.
30
All vessels are to proceed at a safe speed.
31
The factors that we used to determine safe speed are dealt with in Rule 6.
32
It is very important that a power driven vessel's engine is ready for immediate manoeuvre.
33
If this isn't the case, then an alteration of course is the only action available, and this will limit your options considerably.
34
You As mentioned earlier, it is not just rule 19 that applies in restricted visibility.
35
All the rules in section 1 of the steering
36
and sailing rules are also relevant as they apply in any condition of visibility.
37
We are now going to look at the rules in the order
38
that we might use them during restricted visibility to detect and avoid a potential collision or close -quarters situation.
39
Firstly, we will examine how to apply
40
Rule 7 to determine if risk of collision exists or a close -quarters situation is developing.
41
Then we will see how to apply
42
Rule 19D and Rule 8 when deciding on the action to take to avoid a collision
43
or close quarters situation in restricted visibility.
44
Finally, we will consider
45
Rule 19E which deals with the action to take when you have been unable to avoid a close quarters situation.
46
It is essential to keep a good visual and listening watch for sight
47
or sound of potential threats to your vessel in restricted visibility.
48
You should make proper use of radar to assess the risk of collision.
49
Remember, if you are in any doubt about a developing situation, assume that risk of collision exists and take action.
50
It is important to use radar range scales sensibly and effectively.
51
The situation with respect to targets within a few miles of
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the vessel will appear much more clearly on a lower range scale.
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Where a vessel is equipped with more than one radar set, then one set is always available for long -range scanning.
54
Automatic plotting devices, such as ARPA sets, allow systematic plotting of a large number of targets simultaneously.
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However, full information is only provided about targets that have been acquired.
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A full assessment of the situation is essential in order to apply the rules correctly and effectively.
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A radar observer will take several minutes to complete a manual plot of a target.
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It is important to remember
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that an ARPA also requires several minutes to provide accurate information about a target
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if the radar is compass stabilized interfaced with the compass
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then it is possible to observe the compass bearing of the target on the radar set
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if the compass bearing does not appreciably change risk of collision is deemed to exist
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an electronic bearing line fixed to own ship is a convenient
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way of observing changes to the compass bearing of a target
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but remember when using a radar to observe changes in compass bearings problems may occur
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when approaching large targets or when approaching targets at close range.
67
There may also be errors caused by the characteristics, efficiency and limitations of radar equipment.
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Relative motion trails on a radar have always provided a reliable indication of collision risk.
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If the relative movement of a target is towards own ship's position on the display,
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then risk of collision may exist or a close quarter situation may be developing.
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On an ARPA display, if risk of collision exists within a tracked target,
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then the relative vector of the target will point at own ship's position on the screen.
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CPA and TCPA alarms can be set to provide warning of collision risk or potential close -quarter situations with track targets.
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It is vital to determine if a risk of collision exists
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or if a close -quarter situation is developing with each vessel detected by radar.
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If risk of collision exists, or a close -quarter situation is developing with another vessel,
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then both vessels are required to take action to avoid collision or to prevent the close -quarter situation.
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Remember, there is no such thing as a stand -on vessel in restricted visibility.
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Part D of Rule 19 is often misapplied.
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Remember that subsections 1 and 2 of Rule 19D apply only to the risk of collision or potential close -quarters situation.
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The vessels referred to in subsections 1
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and 2 are vessels where risk of collision does exist or a close quarters situation is developing
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The idea is to use the rule to decide what options you have with regard to taking action
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Note that the rule doesn't tell you what to do, but instead offers guidelines and advice.
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If the target posing the risk of collision or a close -quarter situation is forward of your beam,
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try to avoid altering to port unless you are overtaking it.
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If the target posing the risk of collision or a close quarters situation is a beam or a BAFTA beam,
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try to avoid altering course in a direction that would take you towards that vessel.
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The actions just discussed should be avoided as far as possible.
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This means that if an alternative option to avoid collision is available and complies with the rules and achieves a safe outcome,
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it should be taken.
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Any action taken should comply with all the relevant steering and sailing rules.
93
The use of the word positive in Rule 8 means that if the circumstances of the case admit,
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your action should be such that the situation is resolved and a safe CPA is achieved by your action alone.
95
Generally speaking, the earlier the action is taken, the more effective it will be.
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Good seamanship should be observed, for example allowing another vessel appropriate room to pass clear of a navigation mark.
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Any alteration of course or speed should be apparent to other vessels.
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Generally speaking, alterations of course are more obvious to other vessels,
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whether observing visually or by radar because ships usually take longer to change speed than to alter course.
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This will of course depend on the ship type.
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Alterations of speed made by ships that accelerate and decelerate quickly will be readily observed.
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It is important to remember that it may take several minutes to complete a systematic plot on a radar or ARPA.
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A series of small alterations should not be used because they may not be readily apparent to an observer using radar.
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As well as being more obvious to other vessels, altering course is often the most effective or efficient way to avoid a close quarter situation.
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Any action taken should result in passing at a safe distance from other vessels
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The definition of a safe distance will depend on the circumstances
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In open water, there is no reason to pass close to another vessel.
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However, in areas like the Dover Strait or Singapore Strait, distances may have to be reduced.
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Remember that in achieving a safe distance, you must comply with all the steering and sailing rules.
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The alternative to an alteration of course is an alteration of speed.
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Reducing speed can be used to avoid a close -quarters situation or collision, or to allow more time to assess the situation.
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Rule 19 states that, in restricted visibility, a power -driven vessel shall have her engines ready for immediate manoeuvre,
113
so reducing speed shouldn't be a problem.
114
However, remember that
115
Rule 8 applies in any condition of visibility.
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Let's look at a specific example here.
117
According to Rule 10, a vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of
118
any vessel following a traffic lane in a traffic separation scheme adopted by the International Maritime Organization under any condition of visibility.
119
However, in restricted visibility, if risk of collision exists, then both parties are required to take action to avoid collision.
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If you have not been able to avoid a close quarter situation, slowing down or stopping may allow more time for further assessment.
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Finally, remember that the radar may not detect every target
122
and it can be difficult to accurately determine the direction of the fog signal.
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Again, slowing down or stopping may allow more time for further assessment.
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So far in this training module, we have looked at parts A, B and C of Rule 19,
125
which provide guidance about the application of the collision regulations and the conduct of vessels in restricted visibility.
126
Then we looked at how to apply
127
Rule 7 to determine a potential risk of collision or close -quarter situation.
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Next, we examined how to apply
129
Rule 19D and Rule 8 when deciding on the action to take to avoid a collision
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or close -quarter situation in restricted visibility.
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Finally, we looked at Rule 19E, dealing with the action to take when you have been unable to avoid a close -quarter situation.
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In the next section of the module, we will consider how to apply our understanding of the collision regulations to some practical examples.
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In Section 2 of this training module, we will make use of some case studies
134
and radar simulation to see how the guidance we looked at in Section 1 can be applied in practice.
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Firstly, we will look at how to apply
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Rule 7 to determine whether there is a potential risk of a collision or close -quarters situation.
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Then we will see how to apply
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Rule 19D and Rule 8 to decide upon the action to take to avoid a collision
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or close -quarter situation in restricted visibility.
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In section 1, we noted that if the relative movement of a target is towards own ship's position on the radar display,
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then risk of collision may exist, or a close quarter situation may be developing.
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On an ARPA, if risk of collision exists with a tracked target,
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then the relative vector of the target will point at own ship's position on the screen.
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In the following examples, we will use the relative vectors on the ARPA display to determine
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which targets present a risk of collision or close -quarters situation.
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OwnShip is overtaking target 1 in this example.
147
The relative vector indicates risk of collision because it is pointing to OwnShip's position on the radar display.
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The alphanumeric information confirms this with a CPA of 0.
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Target 2 is crossing from starboard to port.
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The relative vector of Target 2 shows it to be passing astern of own ship.
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The alphanumeric information confirms this with a CPA of 1 .5 miles.
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In the second example, target 1 is crossing from starboard to port.
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A close quarter situation is developing, indicated by the relative vector pointing near to own ship's position on the radar display.
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The alphanumeric information confirms this with a CPA of 0 .2 miles.
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Target 2 is overtaking own ship.
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The relative vector shows it to be drawing slowly ahead of own ship.
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The alphanumeric information confirms this with a CPA of 1 mile.
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In this example, target 1 is abaft the starboard beam of own ship and is overtaking own ship.
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The relative vector indicates risk of collision because it is pointing to own ship's position on the radar display.
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The alphanumeric information confirms this with a CPA of 0.
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Target 2 has no relative vector, so it must have the same course and speed as on ship.
162
The alphanumeric information confirms this as there is no TCPA information.
163
Both vessels are forward of the beam and crossing from port to starboard in this example.
164
The relative vector of target 1 indicates a risk of collision
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because it is pointing to own ship's position on the radar display.
166
The alphanumeric information confirms this with a CPA of 0 .1 miles
167
The relative vector of target 2 shows it will pass a stern of own ship
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The alphanumeric information confirms this with a CPA of 1 .5 miles
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In this example, target 1 is overtaking own ship.
170
The relative vector indicates risk of collision because it is pointing to own ship's position on the radar display.
171
The alphanumeric information confirms this with a CPA of 0.
172
The relative vector of target 2, which is crossing from port to starboard, shows it will pass ahead of on ship.
173
The alphanumeric information confirms this with a CPA of 2 .4 miles.
174
In this part of Section 2, we will look at the action to take when there is a risk of collision or a close quarters situation.
175
Rule 19D and Rule 8 provide directions on the action to take.
176
The vessels referred to in subsections 1 and 2 of Rule 19D are vessels where risk of collision does exist,
177
or a close -quarter situation is developing.
178
You should use the rule to decide what options you have with regard to taking action.
179
Rule 8 provides advice about how to take action to avoid collision.
180
For example, the rule says that early and positive action should be taken,
181
alterations should be apparent and a safe distance should be kept from other vessels.
182
In the following examples, we will use the relative
183
and true vectors on an ARPA display to determine whether the targets present a risk of collision
184
or a close quarter situation and what action to take using
185
Rule 19D and Rule 8.
186
In this example, we start with the relative vector presentation to determine whether risk of collision or a close -quarter situation exists.
187
The relative vector of target 1 on the port bow is pointing at own ship, therefore risk of collision exists.
188
Changing to the True Vector presentation shows that the target is crossing from port to starboard.
189
The target is forward of the beam.
190
According to Rule 19D, if action to avoid collision consists of an alteration of course, then, so far as possible,
191
avoid altering to port for a vessel forward of the beam, other than for a vessel being overtaken.
192
Owned ship is not overtaking this target,
193
therefore the options available according to Rule 19D are to alter course to starboard or reduce speed.
194
To decide which of these options would be preferable when applying
195
Rule 8, make use of the trial manoeuvre facility on the ARPA.
196
In the next example, we start again with a relative vector presentation to determine whether risk of collision
197
or a close -quarter situation exists.
198
The relative vector of target 1 on the port bow is pointing at own ship, therefore risk of collision exists.
199
The true vector presentation shows that own ship is overtaking the target.
200
The target is forward of the beam.
201
According to Rule 19D, if action to avoid collision consists of an alteration of course, then, so far as possible,
202
avoid altering to port for a vessel forward of the beam, other than for a vessel being overtaken.
203
Own ship is overtaking this target, therefore the options available according to Rule 19D are to alter course to starboard,
204
alter course to port or reduce speed.
205
To decide which of these options would be preferable when applying
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Rule 8, make use of the trial maneuver on the ARPA.
207
In this example, the relative vector presentation shows that a risk of collision exists with target 1 on the starboard beam,
208
because the relative vector of the target is pointing at own ship.
209
Changing to the true vector presentation shows that the target is crossing from starboard to port.
210
The target is on the beam.
211
According to Rule 19D, if action to avoid collision consists of an alteration of course, then, so far as possible,
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avoid altering towards a vessel a beam, or abaft the beam.
213
The target is a beam to starboard, therefore the options available according to Rule 19 D are to alter course to port,
214
reduce speed or a combination of an alteration to port and a reduction of speed.
215
To decide which of these options would be preferable when applying
216
Rule 8, make use of the trial manoeuvre facility on the ARPA.
217
In this example, the relative vector presentation shows
218
that a risk of collision exists with target 1 on the starboard bow
219
because the relative vector of the target is pointing at own ship.
220
Changing to the true vector presentation shows that the target is crossing from starboard to port.
221
The target is forward of the beam.
222
According to Rule 19D, if action to avoid collision consists of an alteration of course, then, so far as possible,
223
avoid altering to port for a vessel forward of the beam, other than for a vessel being overtaken.
224
Own ship is not overtaking this target,
225
therefore, the options available according to Rule 19D are to alter course to starboard or reduce speed.
226
To decide which of these options would be preferable when applying
227
Rule 8, make use of the trial maneuver on the ARPA.
228
In this example, the relative vector presentation shows
229
that a risk of collision exists with target 1 on the port quarter
230
because the relative vector of the target is pointing at own ship.
231
Changing to the true vector presentation shows that the target is abaft the beam and is overtaking own ship.
232
According to Rule 19D, if action to avoid collision consists of an alteration of course, then, so far as possible,
233
avoid altering towards a vessel a beam or abaft the beam.
234
The target is a BAFTA beam to port, therefore the options available according to Rule 19D are to alter course to starboard,
235
reduce speed, or a combination of an alteration to starboard and a reduction of speed.
236
To decide which of these options would be preferable when applying
237
Rule 8, make use of the trial manoeuvre facility on the ARPA.
238
In the final example of Section 2, the radar has the limits of a traffic separation scheme overlaid on the display.
239
Target 1 is on the starboard bow of own ship, in the inshore traffic zone.
240
The relative vector presentation shows that a risk of collision exists
241
because the relative vector of the target is pointing at own ship.
242
changing to the true vector presentation shows that the target is crossing from starboard to port
243
rule 10 traffic separation schemes still applies in restricted visibility a
244
vessel navigating in the traffic separation scheme is not relieved of her duty to take action
245
if there is a risk of collision or close quarters situation with another vessel this principle applies in good or restricted visibility.
246
In this case, own ship must take action to avoid a close -quarter situation with the crossing vessel.
247
According to Rule 19D, if action to avoid collision consists of an alteration of course, then, so far as possible,
248
avoid altering to port for a vessel forward of the beam, other than for a vessel being overtaken.
249
Own ship is not overtaking this target.
250
Therefore, the options available according to Rule 19D are to alter course to starboard or reduce speed.
251
To decide which of these options would be preferable when applying
252
Rule 8, make use of the trial manoeuvre facility on the ARPA.
253
In Section 2 of this training module, we made use of radar simulation case studies to learn the techniques of applying
254
Rule 7 to determine a potential risk of collision, or close quarters situation.
255
Then we used case studies to look at the application of Rule 19D
256
and Rule 8 to decide on the action to take to avoid a collision or close quarters situation in restricted visibility.
257
In the final section of the module, you will use radar simulation case studies for practice and self -assessment.
258
In the final section of the module, you will use radar simulation exercises to practice
259
and assess your skills in applying the collision regulations to determine the risk of a collision
260
or close quarters situation and to decide on the correct avoiding action to take.
261
There are ten self -assessment exercises
262
and in each you will need to decide whether there is a risk of collision
263
or a close -quarters situation with any of the targets.
264
If there is, you will need to decide on the most appropriate action to take.
265
If you get the answer to any part of an exercise wrong, the program will move on to the next exercise.
266
When all ten exercises have been completed, you will receive a score.
267
To assist you, the radar display is interactive, and by moving your mouse over the control buttons,
268
you can change between relative and true vectors and turn the range rings on or off.
269
You can also move your mouse over the targets to display the appropriate alphanumeric information.
270
Thank you.
271
Thank you.
272
Thank you.
273
Thank you.
274
Thank you.
275
Thank you.
276
You Thank you.
277
Thank you.
278
Thank you.
279
Thank you.
280
Thank you.
281
Thank you.
282
Thank you.
283
Thank you.
284
You have completed all the exercises and scored 10 out of 10.
285
Well done.
286
This demonstrates that you are competent in the use of radar to avoid collision and close -quarters situations in restricted visibility.
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คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้
บทเรียนฝึกพูดนี้ใช้วิดีโอ “COLREG in Restricted Visibility” เป็นสื่อ คำที่ถูกพูดซ้ำบ่อยที่สุด: rule, collision, target, situation, vessel วิดีโอนี้มี 286 ประโยค และ 3791 คำ สำหรับฝึกพูดตาม ช่วงที่มีเสียงพูดยาว 45:03 ผู้พูดพูดช้า ประมาณ 84 คำต่อนาที จึงมีเวลาเลียนแบบทุกเสียง มีเพียง 77% ของคำที่อยู่ใน 3,000 คำที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในภาษาอังกฤษ คำศัพท์จึงค่อนข้างยาก
คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้
คำที่ควรเรียนรู้ 15 คำจากวิดีโอ พร้อมคำอ่านและความหมาย:
| คำศัพท์ | คำอ่าน | ความหมาย |
|---|---|---|
| vessel คำนาม | /ˈvɛsəl/ | เรือ |
| vector คำนาม | /ˈvɛktɚ/ | เวกเตอร์ |
| radar คำนาม | /ˈɹeɪˌdɑɹ/ | เรดาร์ |
| relative คำนาม | /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/ | ญาติ, ญาติพี่น้อง |
| confirm คำกริยา | /kənˈfɝm/ | ยืนยัน |
| module คำนาม | /ˈmɑd͡ʒul/ | มอดูล, โมดูล |
| observe คำกริยา | /əbˈzɜːv/ | สังเกต |
| compass คำนาม | /ˈkʌmpəs/ | เข็มทิศ |
| indicate คำกริยา | /ˈɪndɪˌkeɪt/ | บ่งบอก |
| sail คำนาม | /seɪl/ | ใบเรือ, ใบ |
| steer คำกริยา | /stɪɹ/ | ถือพวงมาลัย |
| technique คำนาม | /tɛkˈniːk/ | เทคนิค, กลเม็ด |
| mouse คำนาม | /maʊs/ | หนู |
| depend คำกริยา | /dɪˈpɛnd/ | พึ่ง |
| circumstance คำนาม | /ˈsɝ.kəmˌstæns/ | กรณี, สถานการณ์ |
ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้
โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:
| โครงสร้าง | ในวิดีโอ |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ | can be applied · are presented · are dealt |
| Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน | have been · have been acquired · have always provided |
การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง
ผู้พูดใช้รูปย่อและรูปลดเสียง 4 ครั้ง เช่น doesn't, don't, isn't ให้พูดแบบสั้นตามที่ได้ยิน
- เสียง “sh” และ “zh”: collision /kəˈlɪʒn̩/, presentation /ˌpɹɛzn̩ˈteɪʃn̩/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, separation /ˌsɛp.əˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, simulation /ˌsɪm.jəˈleɪ.ʃn̩/
- คำยาว — ลงเสียงหนักให้ถูกพยางค์: visibility /ˌvɪz.əˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, separation /ˌsɛp.əˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, systematic /ˌsɪs.tɪˈmæt.ɪk/, visually /ˈvɪzju.əli/
เสียงที่คนไทยมักออกเสียงยาก:
- เสียงท้ายคำ — ออกเสียงให้ครบ ไม่เปลี่ยนเป็นตัวสะกดแบบไทย: vessel /ˈvɛsəl/, relative /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/, module /ˈmɑd͡ʒul/, observe /əbˈzɜːv/, compass /ˈkʌmpəs/
- /v/ — ไม่ใช่ /w/ ให้ฟันบนแตะริมฝีปากล่าง: vessel /ˈvɛsəl/, vector /ˈvɛktɚ/, relative /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/, visibility /ˌvɪz.əˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/, observe /əbˈzɜːv/
- /z/ — เสียงก้อง ไม่ใช่ /s/: visibility /ˌvɪz.əˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/, presentation /ˌpɹɛzn̩ˈteɪʃn̩/, observe /əbˈzɜːv/, examine /ɪɡˈzæmɪn/, pose /poʊz/
วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้
- ฟังวิดีโอให้จบหนึ่งรอบโดยยังไม่ต้องพูด แล้วจดคำที่ยังไม่รู้จัก
- พูดตามทีละประโยคด้วยความเร็วปกติ ทำซ้ำแต่ละประโยคจนจังหวะของคุณตรงกับผู้พูด
- อัดเสียงตัวเองแล้วเทียบกับต้นฉบับ โดยสังเกตคำอย่าง vessel, vector, radar เป็นพิเศษ
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ