シャドーイング練習: Communication Has An INVISIBLE Layer And It Is Hiding In Plain Sight! - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

練習モードを選ぶ

各モードは全画面の練習ルームで開きます。

320 文

文が短すぎたり長すぎる場合は、Editをタップして調整してください。

I'm old enough to remember watching television in black and white.

And the day we got our first color TV, my mind was blown.

The same thing is true when you go from just focusing on verbal messages to thinking about nonverbal communication.

My name is Matt Abrahams and I teach strategic communication at Stanford Graduate School of Business.

Welcome to Think Fast, Talk Smart, the podcast.

Today I am really excited to talk with Dana Carney.

Dana is the George Quist Chair in Business Ethics at Berkeley's Haas School of Business.

This year she's on sabbatical from Berkeley and is spending time with us here in the management group at the GSB.

Her research focuses on the nonverbal ways in which we communicate our biases, our preferences, our power, and our status.

Her forthcoming book on nonverbal behavior is expected at the end of the year.

Welcome, Dana.

I am really looking forward to our conversation.

Thanks for being here.

Matt, thank you so much for having me.

I was so excited when you reached out.

Should we get started?

Absolutely.

Dana, I'm so excited for this conversation because I have long been fascinated by your research and nonverbal communication.

When I teach nonverbal communication, I reference the three V's: visual, verbal, and vocal.

Visual is what we see verbal, is the words and fillers and spaces that we have.

And then vocal is how we say those words.

I'm curious.

Do you see nonverbal communication the same way?

And how do you explain it when you talk about it?

Almost the same way.

First, there's two big circles, like a Venn diagram, overlapping circles.

One is the perception side.

What are the nonverbal behaviors that we need to pay attention to

when we're trying to make sense of or understand other people or situations?

Then there's the expression side, which is what are the behaviors that we can use as tools to to express or land a particular attribute.

So I would layer those on top of your three Vs. And then I would add, when you said visual, I would split that into face and body as separate channels.

So nonverbals gives us a whole set of tools through which we can communicate information.

And some of it are things we can control, as you mentioned, and other things are things that perhaps are a lesson our control.

We convey information through the words we say, but also how we say it, and the demeanor with which we say it.

I find this fascinating because there's this whole other channel that we often don't think about.

Can you discuss how our perceptions of power and status are influenced by nonverbal communication?

So it's an entire chapter in my book.

In the chapter, it's called The Five Nonverbal Rules of Power.

And what it is is a Venn diagram where the perception nonverbals, the ones we need to know to read power accurately,

and the ones that people think are associated with power they intersect and there's five areas of non -verbal behavior that

If we remember those, we can really tap into power.

I'll give you two that I think are particularly useful because people have a lot of control over them.

One of them is eye contact.

When you look at someone when you're speaking, and when they're speaking.

you're really taking up space with your eyes.

You're not only saying, I see you, I hear you, but also I'm speaking to you and distributing that around the room.

You're almost spreading yourself around the room when you're looking around there.

So eye contact is one that we have control over and it's easy to force yourself to distribute and to use.

And it has additional benefits.

Not only does it convey power, but it conveys intelligence and, and warmth so you just can't go wrong with eye contact.

So that would be one that I would say is one that everyone can practice and use.

And another one is expansion.

And I don't just mean with your body.

I don't just mean taking up physical space with the bubble that's around your body.

I mean expansion in all kinds of ways.

So taking a longer time to say what you're saying.

If you take more time, you're taking up space.

So you see, there's a number of ways of taking up space.

You can do it with how much you speak, how slowly you speak, physically, like spreading your body out in a way that feels comfortable.

So those were the two, I would say, are easy to control and there's a version of each that most people could probably find.

So taking space and connecting through space through eye contact, really important.

That example of all the things we could do to take space shows the different types of paint

that we can use to paint in this nonverbal way, right?

It's how you say it, how long you say it, how you physically show up and not just you personally, but the stuff you put in front of you.

All of that.

And there's this whole conversation that's happening at that level.

that we perceive that we don't necessarily consciously think about.

I want to dive just a little deeper.

Clearly, culture and context plays a role in this.

Some cultures I'm aware of, eye contact is actually seen as rude because you're supposed to defer.

What's your take on the intersection of culture and context when it comes to nonverbals?

Eye contact, there's not a lot of variability across culture when it comes to the speaker.

making eye contact with others.

It's where the rudeness or the cross -cultural variability in whether

or not you're being disrespectful comes from whether you're looking at the speaker when you're being spoken to.

So it's when you're on the receiving end of being yelled at or, you know, reprimanded or whatever, looking back is typically where you see the variability.

Not if I'm the speaker and I look at you. But.

Yes, context matters, culture matters.

So what I like to say is that, There are certain sort of pillars.

that are safe spaces.

For example, If you're trying to convey warmth, looking at someone, being a little bit closer to them.

How close varies by culture.

but proximity in general is associated with intimacy.

Body orientation toward.

These are all cues called immediacy cues, directing your communication toward them,

like you're talking to them and smiling or nodding like you're doing now.

You're encouraging me, smiling and nodding.

Those are called back channel responses.

They unconsciously or implicitly are saying.

I hear you, I see you, I recognize what you're saying, we're on the same page.

There's a cluster of things that convey liking.

And so there might be some variability around how close or how much eye contact But generally speaking, those are safe.

And so when we go to another culture, we just need to figure out what are the boundaries around.

If I go to one culture, it's two kisses, kiss, kiss.

Other cultures, there's three kisses, kiss, kiss, kiss.

Other cultures, it's the left cheek for another right cheek.

So it's kind of like those things.

It's a nonverbal version of how many cheeks do I kiss and how many times, right?

I appreciate that answer.

100

It's very nuanced and there's complexity to it, but that's the reality of nonverbal communication.

101

This is not simple.

102

I'm taking several things away from what you said.

103

One that there's some foundational principles or as you said, safe spaces around which there's nuance that is culturally learnable.

104

And we just have to be sensitive to that.

105

And so the big message I'm taking away is we just have to build awareness and be sensitive.

106

We can ask, we can observe, we can research to learn what's appropriate and not appropriate and know that.

107

by invoking the appropriate nonverbals, we can achieve goals like demonstrating warmth and liking

108

that can really help us in ways sometimes that our words don't allow us to do.

109

Exactly.

110

I have another question for you about the relative value of nonverbals and actual messages.

111

Where do you fall on the relative importance of verbal content versus nonverbal behavior?

112

In other words, what we say versus how we say it.

113

No, I don't think any reasonable scientist would say that nonverbal is more important than verbal.

114

I think most of us would say both are extremely important.

115

If we're in a domain where I have a reason to lie, or maybe I don't know, like racial bias and discrimination being one, right?

116

People aren't aware of their biases, or they are aware of them, but maybe not the extent to which they hold them.

117

Then we get into some territory where nonverbals start to be maybe more meaningful than verbals

118

because I don't realize that I have biases.

119

I think that when you get into territory where

120

Either people don't have introspective access to how they think or feel or they have their incentivized not to reveal it.

121

Right.

122

Like in an economic game or a strategic interaction or a negotiation.

123

That's where nonverbal becomes really fun and interesting and useful because words aren't enough in that case.

124

Absolutely.

125

Yeah.

126

So they're both important and sometimes differentially important depending on the context.

127

Which again brings us back to this notion of context.

128

So I have an example I always use when I teach.

129

If you're in a doctor's office and the doctor says, how are you doing?

130

That means one thing.

131

If you're at a bar or at a party and somebody says, how are you doing?

132

That means something very different.

133

The words are the same.

134

The environment and context is different.

135

And we somehow know how to navigate through that.

136

But also we can run into a lot of trouble when we misunderstand.

137

Yes.

138

And this is why knowing what our goal is, is so incredibly important.

139

If I'm at that bar and my goal is I'm attracted to this person. And so.

140

I want to convey some attraction.

141

So I might dip into some cues associated with attraction or being attractive.

142

So when people use a breathier voice, they can come off as a little more attractive versus I'm a doctor.

143

And my goal is empathy.

144

I want you to know that I'm listening.

145

So the first thing you need to think about in a context is what's my goal here?

146

If I'm a doctor, I want to make sure that my patient feels well, heard and Understood?

147

If I'm in a bar and I just truly want to know how someone's doing, I don't want to use a vocal tone that might express attraction.

148

I might want to be more casual or upbeat, like, hey, how you doing?

149

Use colloquial kind of tone of voice with a lot of vocal variability that might be associated with having a good time.

150

So that's the first thing to do is what is my goal in this social interaction?

151

And look, all of this stuff is happening in a fraction of a second, right?

152

I mean, we don't sit down and script out what we're going to do before I'm going to go to the bar.

153

And when I see this person, I'm going to say, hey.

154

I like to think about nonverbal communication as a language because once we kind of know, what's the list of cues associated with liking?

155

Which ones of those are associated with platonic liking versus intimate liking?

156

And when I do this one, oh gosh, I don't mean to be sending the wrong signal.

157

So now you know not to do that.

158

And which behaviors are associated with being trusted?

159

Which behaviors are associated with conveying power?

160

That I think really will help us think about how can I best land whatever it is

161

that I am trying to land.

162

We've talked often about this notion of having a goal when you communicate.

163

By default, I think many people think of the words that I say.

164

And what I'm hearing you say is we have to expand

165

that goal to be thinking about how do we achieve that goal, not just through the words we say, but how we say it.

166

And that's really, really important.

167

This notion of There's a language.

168

And we have to understand and become fluent in that language.

169

And some are more fluent than others.

170

Perhaps we have a time to talk about The people receiving that language, you know, if I'm at a bar and hope that you're signaling attraction to me, I'm going to be looking for things in a way that I might not.

171

If I weren't the rose colored glasses, if you will, which I think is a separate conversation about our perception of nonverbals, not just our signaling of nonverbals.

172

Sometimes the nonverbal cues overlap, but if the audience takes one thing away from this conversation about nonverbal communication,

173

it's that there are perception and expression and they're different and also they overlap.

174

And the easiest places to memorize what are the cues are the places of overlap,

175

which is when we talked about the five nonverbal rules of power and I gave you two of them you know, that they're at the intersection of both perception and expression,

176

which is, those are the nice ones to memorize and practice because they do both.

177

Excellent.

178

I want to keep this notion of language and fluency.

179

What are some things that we can do 2 become more aware of our nonverbal communication, how they come across.

180

You know, when I'm learning a language, I practice with people who say, no, your accent's off or you're saying that wrong.

181

What are some things that we can do to actually become more fluent?

182

How can we learn about it?

183

I ask my students to digitally record themselves as they practice so they see their nonverbals and they watch it.

184

and then they listen to it separately.

185

So they're hearing the different channels.

186

What advice do you have about ways to help us become more conscious of what we're doing, because a lot of this is unconscious.

187

Yes.

188

That is exactly right.

189

Hearing or seeing ourselves.

190

So watching yourself is a really big way to know how at least you perceive yourself.

191

I would add some layers on top of that.

192

First of all, In an exercise like that, write down beforehand, what are two goals that you have for that interaction?

193

Do I want to try to come off as, really smart here?

194

Do I want to be warm?

195

Am I trying to make new friends?

196

Am I trying to do well in this negotiation?

197

Am I trying to do well in this negotiation and...

198

Retain friends.

199

What's my goal?

200

And then I watch that video or listen to the audio

201

and I try to assess whether I appropriately land it that way.

202

At least did I think...

203

that I correctly sent the messages I intended to send.

204

That's one piece of the puzzle.

205

But that's your perception.

206

Now it's a matter of what did other people perceive?

207

A big part of it is I intended to be kind.

208

And when I look at myself, I seem to be kind.

209

But we lack self -awareness about how we come across sometimes.

210

And other people will see us and say like, oh, no, no, no.

211

Let's say our faces tend to be a little cranky and we know that we smiled three more times in that interaction.

212

So for us, we're like, I was so nice in that interaction.

213

I smiled three times.

214

I never smile.

215

So for us, we knew it was a big deviation from our baseline.

216

And so we think we landed in a really warm situation positive way.

217

But a stranger or another person with whom we interacted, if they were to watch and make ratings on those same dimensions.

218

might give us a much lower score.

219

which helps us assess, OK, so how I intended to land and whether or not I was successful.

220

And then there was, how did other people perceive that?

221

And so that's the missing piece in that puzzle is, How do other people perceive you?

222

And I'll layer a bit more on top of that, which is, How do strangers perceive you versus friends or people who know you a little bit?

223

This is really useful in that we can all look to better understand our nonverbal presence in terms of how it's landing.

224

We have our intent and we can see it, and we have knowledge relative to our baseline, but we also have to seek outside of ourselves.

225

And when we do that, we also have to think about how much information does that other person have?

226

That's really insightful and in fact, It's going to change the way I have my students look at their own behavior.

227

Exactly.

228

I like to say the only way to get better at communication, verbal or nonverbal, is three things: repetition, reflection, and feedback.

229

You have to practice, you have to reflect, and then you have to give feedback.

230

Dana, before we end, I'd like to ask you some questions.

231

The first question will be unique to you.

232

And then the other two are questions I ask everybody.

233

Are you up for that?

234

Yep, sounds great.

235

Is there a particular nonverbal behavior that you look to to assess credibility and confidence when you're talking to others?

236

What is it that you look for as an expert in this?

237

Is there one thing you look for?

238

Yes.

239

We have not talked about coherence across channels.

240

We talked about different channels of communication, the voice, the body, the face.

241

But we haven't talked about consistency across those channels.

242

I'm looking for consistency across channels.

243

If my face and my body and my voice and my words, if all of those things are quote unquote saying the same thing,

244

That makes me feel like that person is kind of full in that way.

245

I feel comfortable with them.

246

Not only that they know what they're talking about and they know whatever they're saying is probably true.

247

That is the thing that I pay attention to the most.

248

And if people are inconsistent across channel, it doesn't necessarily mean something's arrived,

249

but it's something I pay attention to because it provides information about Are they conflicted?

250

about what it is they're talking about.

251

I appreciate you sharing with us this notion of coherence because we've really dissected nonverbal communication into these very specific parts.

252

And we have to remember that there's a totality and whole that gets communicated.

253

And that we can assess that as well.

254

It's not just, did you make eye contact?

255

It's, is the eye contact consistent with the body posture, with the vocal tone?

256

And the words.

257

And the words to help.

258

Thank you.

259

Question number two, who is a communicator that you admire and why?

260

Winston Churchill.

261

Ah, tell me more.

262

The two reasons I think that he's just one of the best communicators that I, or the one that I probably look up to the most is that,

263

I mean, he was so effective in being able to grab the hearts

264

and minds of an entire country and to galvanize people.

265

And the second reason is that Winston Churchill turned a speech impediment into his greatest source of power.

266

He had to stutter and he, He turned that into pause.

267

Because of his stutter, he learned to pause a lot and to use those pauses extremely effectively.

268

Truly an amazing communicator, and he worked hard.

269

Final question.

270

What are the first three ingredients that go into a successful communication recipe?

271

So first of all, we had talked about goals, right?

272

You have to know what your goal is.

273

If you don't have clarity, at least a little bit of clarity about what your goal is then you're not going to be very effective.

274

So my goal today was just to be clear.

275

I didn't quite know where we were going to go.

276

I just knew that it was important for me to, whatever it was, that I was going to get it across in a way that was at least a little bit succinct.

277

Then knowing the nonverbal behaviors that land best for us, And that goes back to what we were talking about,

278

the baseline, knowing how we typically are, So that we can figure out like, okay, I need to dial up the warmth.

279

I don't come across warmly at all.

280

Like, gosh, I kind of seem mean and I'm not mean at all.

281

It's not that you're trying to be something that you're not.

282

It's that you are something, but it doesn't come across.

283

And you're like, oh, gosh, I need to.

284

How do I fix that?

285

Right.

286

And I think, That's where your idea of practice.

287

So then it's, knowing which cues I can...

288

Dabble in.

289

There's a long list of immediacy cues

290

that you can look at to try to practice and try on to figure out which one suits you the best, literally.

291

And then what you said, practice.

292

And it's not about faking it or not being authentic.

293

It really is about, I am a nice person.

294

Or let's say you're not a nice person.

295

Let's say you truly are not a nice person.

296

Let's say you're a cranky person.

297

But there are some times that you're nice.

298

And let's say your goal is to be nice right now.

299

So my advice is, Try to think about the times that you want to be nice

300

or that you are nice or that you truly feel nice and say like, OK, what are the things that are most comfortable for me to do when I am being nice?

301

and then tap into those behaviors.

302

because those are the ones that are comfortable for you.

303

And then practice them and they do, in fact, land the way you intend them to.

304

So those are the ingredients.

305

It's having a goal.

306

knowing the best nonverbal behaviors that land what you're intending to land. And then...

307

practicing, right?

308

Just making sure that you're doing them in an unconscious way, that you don't have to spend a whole lot of time thinking about it, that they're just automatically coming out of you.

309

So be clear on your goal, be clear on your baseline and practice.

310

So Dana, thank you so much for your time and for your wisdom.

311

People can't see this, but I'm bowing my head and putting my hands together to demonstrate gratefulness.

312

And I have my hand on my heart and I'm nodding my head to you saying thank you so much.

313

Thank you for joining us for another episode of Think Fast, Talk Smart, the podcast from Stanford GSB.

314

To learn more about nonverbal communication, please listen to episode 12 with Deb Grunfeld or episode 16 with Bert Alper.

315

This episode was produced by Jenny Luna, Ryan Campos, and me, Matt Abrahams.

316

Our music is from Floyd Wonder.

317

Please find us on YouTube or wherever you get your podcasts.

318

Be sure to subscribe and rate us.

319

Also, follow us on LinkedIn and Instagram.

320

And check out fastersmarter .io for deep dive videos, English language learning content, and our newsletter.

アプリをダウンロード

流暢に話すために必要なすべて

AI発音採点文ごとに採点

IPA練習すべての音をマスター

単語学習自分の単語帳を作る

単語ゲーム遊びながら覚える

QRをスキャン

Download on theApp Store Get it onGoogle Play

同じチャンネル

The First 5 Seconds: How to Start a Speech the Moment All Eyes Suddenly Turn to You | AMA

Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults

The Respect Effect: What Stereotype Threat Teaches Us About Communication

Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults

Ask Matt Anything: Don’t Let Your Communication Fizzle at the Finish

Business EnglishWorking Adults

3 Techniques for Managing Speaking Anxiety

Business EnglishInterview EnglishUniversity Students

Small Talk Tips From a Matchmaker: Start Your Story in the MIDDLE!

Business EnglishInterview EnglishUniversity Students

Message Market Fit: Turning Great Ideas Into Communication That Lands

Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults

Quick Thinks: How to Have Better Conversations About Aging

Business EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students

FOR YOU

この動画で身につく英語スピーキングのポイント

「言葉以外のコミュニケーション」に焦点を当てたこの会話から、英語での意思疎通を深めるための実践的なスキルが学べます。特に、パワーやステータスを伝える非言語的表現と、相手の反応を読むための視覚的手がかりを捉えることで、より自然なコミュニケーションが可能になります。YouTubeで英語学習をする際は、単語だけでなくこうした「見えない層」も注目してみてください。

聞き取りに注意すべき音のつながり

会話の中では、連結音や弱めの発音が多く見られます。例えば「what are the behaviors」では「what are」が「wadə」となり、「can you discuss」では「can you」が「kænju」とつながります。これらの音の流れを捉えることで、リスニング力だけでなく、シャドーイングの精度も上がります。shadow speechの練習時には、こうした細かな部分を繰り返し聞き返して真似してみてください。

ネイティブのようなリズムとアクセントを身につける

ネイティブスピーカーの発音の特徴は、リズムの流れと重要な単語にアクセントを置くことです。会話の中でMattが「nonverbal communication」と言う際は、「non-VER-bal com-MU-ni-CA-tion」とアクセントを置き、リズミカルに話しています。英語シャドーイングの際は、このリズムを捉えて声の高さや強弱を調整し、自然な発音を目指しましょう。また、「eye contact」のようなキーワードは、はっきりと強調することで、メッセージの伝わり方が変わります。英語スピーキング練習では、こうしたポイントを意識的に練習することで、よりネイティブらしい表現ができるようになります。

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	was blown · is expected · been fascinated
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	We've talked · have not talked · haven't talked
関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える	side, which is · people who say · that, which is

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: Communication Has An INVISIBLE Layer And It Is Hiding In Plain Sight! - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

練習モードを選ぶ

アプリをダウンロード

Talk Back: Why Arguing With Yourself Can Help You Flourish

Quick Thinks: Network Smarter and Make Better Connections

Trust the Process: How to Design Teams That Actually Work

Want To Make Your Ideas Stick? Make It Into A Meme!

What 300 Episodes Has Taught Us

REPLACED BY RETHINKS How to Pitch Anything: 10-20-30 Rule by Guy Kawasaki

Directness with Respect: How to Make the Hard Conversations Easy

Why Every Question Is A Gift

Shark Tank's Daniel Lubetzky: The Pitch Mistake That Loses Investors

A Matter of Meaning: What Other People Teach You About Your Communication

Your Voice Is a Wind Instrument | Matt Abrahams on Projecting Without Straining

Don't Lose the Room: How to Make Ideas Stick

Quick Thinks: A CLEAR Way Through Conflict

The First 5 Seconds: How to Start a Speech the Moment All Eyes Suddenly Turn to You | AMA

The Respect Effect: What Stereotype Threat Teaches Us About Communication

Ask Matt Anything: Don’t Let Your Communication Fizzle at the Finish

3 Techniques for Managing Speaking Anxiety

Small Talk Tips From a Matchmaker: Start Your Story in the MIDDLE!

Message Market Fit: Turning Great Ideas Into Communication That Lands

Quick Thinks: How to Have Better Conversations About Aging

How to Communicate So People Actually Listen

How to be less neurotic | The Gray Area

Video

New Words Are INVISIBLE 🫥 when you listen - until you do this #podcast #learningenglish

How To Read People Using Science

A Simple Causal Phrase That Turns Any Data Point Into a Story

How Social Media Is Rewiring Our Brains

Body language expert: 7 cues that make you instantly more likable | Full Interview

Communicating the Future: Defining Where We Want AI To Take Us

Masking in ADHD & Autism: The Hidden Cost of Looking “Fine”

I See You: The UNTOLD Truth About True Connection

2590 - 3 Tips to Keep Your Accent and Be Understood With Valerie Fridland

この動画で身につく英語スピーキングのポイント

聞き取りに注意すべき音のつながり

ネイティブのようなリズムとアクセントを身につける

この動画の文法

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由