シャドーイング練習: Dr Joan Clos - Principles of Planned Urbanization - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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163 文
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1
I am Joan Klose, I am the Executive Director of UN Habitat
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and my experience in local authority and city issues comes from the fact
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that I was mayor of Barcelona and before being mayor of Barcelona
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and I occupied different posts in the administration of the city for a long period of time, nearly during 30 years.
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And I want to talk to you today about the principles of planet urbanization.
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And it's very important to come back to these basic ideas
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because most of the organization that we are seeing in the developing world,
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it's a spontaneous urbanization, like in the past history of the developed world.
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It's very relevant to make a distinction between the planet urbanization and spontaneous urbanization.
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Because in planet urbanization we fully appreciate all the advantages of urbanization.
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The capacity to generate wealth, to generate employment, to generate conviventiality,
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to generate cultural interchanges, etc. etc. As opposed to spontaneous urbanization where we usually don't have enough public space,
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we don't have enough provision of basic services,
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we don't have enough attention to what constitutes the principles of good urbanization.
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This is why it's so important to distinguish between spontaneous or unplanet urbanization and really proper planet urbanization.
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Planet urbanization is based in three sets of ideas.
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It's a three -legged approach.
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It's a concept that requires these three parts to consider at once.
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One is rules and regulations.
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The other is urban design and the third one is the financial plan for urbanization.
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There's no proper urbanization if we don't approach these three aspects.
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There's a tendency to consider urbanization only as a design question and this is not the case.
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Urbanization requires the three -legged approach of regulation, design and financial plan.
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And coming to the first, the rules and regulations, we have a long history of rules and regulations in relation to urban planning.
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From the beginning of history on Mesopotamia or in the Chinese cities,
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on the Mesoamerican cities, there were from the first layouts already some rules and regulations.
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And rules and regulations are so relevant because they can even create the character of the city, the form of the city.
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There are cities which are defined by the layout or the landscape of the surroundings,
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the geography, but they are cities which their layout is totally defined by rules and regulations.
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I think that one of the things
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that we need to correct in the approach of urbanization in
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the coming years is to recover the relevance of rules and regulations in the urban form.
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Regulations, they are crucial to define three aspects of the good city.
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One is the definition of the public space.
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The other is the urban development rights.
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And the third one are the building codes and the rules that regulate the quality and standards of buildings.
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Of course, we can talk about very different experience worldwide on rules and regulations on every one of these three aspects.
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But I put them in such an order that the order in itself implies hierarchy.
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Then, for me, the first and most important responsibility of rules and regulation is to define the public space.
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because in a spontaneous urbanization usually we don't have enough public space.
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The public space, the common space, the unbuilt space is usually about 50 % of the urban area.
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And of this 50%, more than half should be allocated to the street pattern and the rest should be allocated to gardens,
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unbuilt areas, etc. The quality of the public space is what is going to define quality of the rest of the city.
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This is why it's so important.
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The second point that is very important in rules and regulations is the buildability rights.
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Usually, in the developing world, we are seeing that the buildability rights,
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the flow area ratio, the amount of square meters that finally we build,
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they are not really properly controlled.
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In fact, in legislation, in proper legislation,
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buildability rights should be directed and owned and they should be under the control of the urban authority.
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Because if the urban authority doesn't have the control of the buildability rights, then the urban authority loses one of the main leverage,
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one of the main instruments to guarantee that the city is planned in a good manner.
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And finally, the building codes, they are obvious, they are clear, and I think that they don't need much explanation.
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But this is what I think we should put again on the beginning of urban planning,
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the relevance of the rules and regulations.
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The second principles of urbanization, they are around the concept of urban design, is the design of the urban space.
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The design of the urban space also, like in legislation, begins by the design of a common or public space.
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And in that sense, we have been under the tendency in the last 30 -40 years, especially in the developed world,
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of talking about zoning and land use definition by different parts of the city.
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I think that this is a mistake.
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I think that if we are talking about sustainable urbanization,
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an urbanization that is going to guarantee some degree of compactness and some degree of mixed uses in the urban tissue,
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we need to go back to the principles of design of the street pattern.
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If we say that more or less 35%,
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30 to 35 % of the urban land area should be used by the street pattern,
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we need to focus on the design of the street pattern.
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In the normal practice of urbanism today, there is not enough insistence in the design of the street pattern.
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The street pattern is crucial in order then to define the blocks
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and the plots and it's fundamental in order to design the connectivity of the urban tissue.
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We recommend that on top of this 35 % of land allocated to the streets,
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the streets they have such a design and density that allows for around 80 to 100 street crossings per kilometer square.
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That is the kind of matrix that will allow for good connectivity.
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Another very important aspect of course of the design of the open space is the design of the gardens,
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buildings, parks and built areas which at least should account for around 10 to 15 % of the urban layout.
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Of course, the second part of the urban design addresses the issue of the built area,
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the built space, which is the other 50 % of the urban land.
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And this other 50%, the built space of the city, is of course divided by the built area.
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which is allocated for equipment and public services like hospitals,
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universities, schools, churches or whatever any society defines as public equipment,
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which usually tends to be of this built area about 10 % of the blocks and plots.
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And then the rest is the one that is allocated to housing or to office or to other kind of buildings,
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mixing all of them more or less in a tissue,
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an urban tissue that we would like a mixed use.
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Mixed use in modern urbanism,
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in contemporary urbanism should be promoted in order to guarantee that the urbanization attains the principles of sustainability.
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Mixed use, especially commercial with residential,
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with equipments, allows for walkability that a lot of the movements
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that they are needed in the city can be done at walking distances.
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And this is why it's
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so important to promote mixed use as opposed to the segregated uses that is common in the contemporary urbanisation.
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The third principle of urbanisation is the financial plan.
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We are submitted to this very sad reality of a spontaneous organization with no idea of financial structure,
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financial plan to sustain and to maintain the services in this urban area.
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When we plan the organization, we need to include the financial strategy.
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Of course, that begins with a budget, an income and expenditure budget.
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To keep a city, to keep an urban area,
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it requires resources because there are expenditures to be performed in order to keep functioning in a good shape the area.
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And then at any level of development, we require at least this mental exercise of trying to have a budget,
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an income and expenditure budget.
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And if we go to the sources of income, which is probably the most, the failing part of, in the developing world,
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we need to begin to think about proper local authority taxation system,
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a system to collect some taxes to keep the city going on.
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Of course, apart from the taxes that you can raise locally,
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usually as political development advances,
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you have some transferences from the central government in order to sustain the urban issue.
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But at a very basic level, we need, as soon as possible,
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to begin when we plan a huge city extension, when we plan a new town, when we plan a real important city in field,
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we need to see how this new urban area is going to be sustained economically.
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It's very important on these new sources of income to think in innovative manners.
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Of course, there's a lot of talk of private -public partnerships, etc., that we can think about.
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But also we need to think about value sharing.
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Once we urbanize, we generate value.
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Once we decide that this area is going to become a city,
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the land of this place immediately increases its value.
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This increase of value of the land should be, from the beginning, shared by the different stakeholders.
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Of course, the owner of the land has a right to keep part of the increase of the value,
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but also the rest of the land of the city, they also need to share this increased value
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that comes originally just from the fact that there's a political authority that decides that this land is going to become urban.
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This is why this initial foundation moment should be incorporated in the financial plan
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because if we don't do that from the beginning,
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then to introduce the concept that urbanization requires to contribute to their self -maintenance, it becomes very difficult.
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It becomes a political issue.
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And this is why it's so important that from the beginning we promote the concept of value sharing.
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Another concept that is very important
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and has been developed in many parts of the world
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and should be generalized because out of the 193 countries of the world,
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only 43 now they have a legal regulation of that is land readjustment.
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Once we have a rural pattern of plots that we convert in an urban pattern of plots,
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the way that we move from rural to urban is that in the process,
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we need to generate 30 to 50 % of the land as public land.
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That means that the different owners of the land,
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they need to contribute giving up land to the public domain in this process of moving from rural to urban.
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then this contribution of public land to the public domain should
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be done also in the initial moment of the generating of urbanization.
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And it should be contributed in proportion to the land ownership.
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This is what is land readjustment.
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Every landowner contributes a percentage of their property in order to generate the wealth,
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the value of urbanization.
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And this is a win -win situation
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because the owner of the land will gain value even giving part of their land to the public domain.
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And this is also something that is difficult to understand at the beginning, but is one of the fundamental principles of urbanization.
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Closing my speech,
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I would like to insist on how important it is that in urbanization we approach urbanization from this three -legged approach,
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rules and regulations, design and financial plan.
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Because I have seen many cases where the city has a very good design, but it has no rules and regulations proper,
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it has no financial plan, and everything fails.
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And the opposite also happens.
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You can have a very fantastic rules and regulations, but if the design is not well done, everything fails.
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And also again with the financial plan, You can have very good ideas, but if you don't have the minimal resources to sustain the urbanization,
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there is no such thing as good urbanization.
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And this is why it's so important that instead of going for the best of everything,
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like in a seat that is sustained by three legs,
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you need to care that the length of every leg is more or less proportional.
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Another very important thing on every one of the three legs is implementability, its implementation capacity.
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Whatever is not implementable doesn't exist.
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If the design is not implementable, it's like if it doesn't exist.
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If the rules and regulations are not implementable, they don't exist.
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And if the financial plan is not implementable, it doesn't exist.
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Then it's better to begin from the beginning.
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What is implementable?
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And act under the strategy of considering what is implementable and then to begin in a proportional strategy,
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proportional of manner the three legs, three principles of urbanization.
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Rules and regulation, design and financial plan.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「Dr Joan Clos - Principles of Planned Urbanization」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：urbanization, urban, design, regulation, land。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が163文、単語が2170語あります。 音声の長さは19:04です。 話す速さは1分あたり約114語で安定しており、シャドーイングしやすいペースです。 単語の87%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれるため、語彙は分かりやすいです。
この動画の重要語彙
動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| regulation 名詞 | /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/ | 規制 |
| principle 名詞 | /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/ | 原理, 原則 |
| generate 動詞 | /ˈd͡ʒɛn.ə.ɹeɪt/ | 生む, 生み出す |
| aspect 名詞 | /ˈæspɛkt/ | 様相 |
| contribute 動詞 | /kənˈtɹɪb.jut/ | 貢献する |
| tissue 名詞 | /ˈtɪʃ.(j)u/ | 織物 |
| layout 名詞 | /ˈleɪ.aʊt/ | レイアウト, 設計 |
| guarantee 名詞 | /ˌɡæɹ.ənˈtiː/ | 保証 |
| expenditure 名詞 | /ɛkˈspɛndɪt͡ʃə/ | 消費 |
| resource 名詞 | /ɹɪˈzɔːs/ | 資源, 資産 |
| fundamental 形容詞 | /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/ | 基本的な |
| tendency 名詞 | /ˈtɛn.dən.si/ | 傾向, 趨勢 |
| oppose 動詞 | /əˈpoʊz/ | 阻む, 阻止する |
| relevance 名詞 | /ˈɹɛl.ɪ.vən(t)s/ | 関連性 |
| connectivity 名詞 | 接続性 |
動画に出てくる句動詞
| 単語 | 意味 |
|---|---|
| give up 動詞 | 降服する |
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | is based · are defined · is totally defined |
| 関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える | cities which are · space, which is · one that is |
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | have been · has been developed · have seen |
注意したい発音
話し手はdon't, doesn'tなど、短縮形や弱形を13回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, tissue /ˈtɪʃ.(j)u/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, partnership /ˈpɑɹtnɚʃɪp/, extension /ɪkˈstɛnʃən/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, spontaneous /spɑnˈteɪ.ni.əs/, expenditure /ɛkˈspɛndɪt͡ʃə/, fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, principle /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, relevance /ˈɹɛl.ɪ.vən(t)s/, residential /ˌrɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: relevance /ˈɹɛl.ɪ.vən(t)s/, recover /ɹɪˈkʌvɚ/, provision /pɹəˈvɪʒ.ən/, divide /dɪˈvaɪd/, convert /kənˈvɝt/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: define /dɪˈfaɪn/, fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/, geography /d͡ʒiˈɑɡɹəfi/, transference /tɹænsˈfəɹəns/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- 通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。regulation, principle, generateなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。