シャドーイング練習: On freedom - Alan Macfarlane - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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48 文
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On freedom.
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I've spent a lot of time through my life wondering what freedom is and what we should do about it.
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I think I must have thought about it obviously as a child.
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Was I free to go out and play?
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Was I free to take this money from my grandmother and so on?
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But it's really obviously later in school and then at university
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when I started to study political philosophy and heard the great cry of the French Revolution, Liberté and so on.
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And one of the breakthroughs in thinking about it was reading an essay by the political philosopher Isaiah Berlin,
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two concepts of liberty because liberty and freedom obviously are closely connected.
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What this helped me to do was to see that there are two really kinds of freedom and I will
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express this and explain this in relation perhaps to concrete examples.
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In China the major concern is what
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Berlin calls negative liberty, that is freedom from.
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And the kinds of things that certainly recent governments are being concerned with is freedom from poverty.
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So they've raised 800 million people out of poverty.
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Freedom from ill health.
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So they've built a very big extensive national,
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well a health service free for everyone at a basic level and freedom from recent disease.
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So Covid only six or seven thousand deaths compared to a million in America.
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Freedom from ignorance.
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So there's been a huge amount of outreach of schools to remote areas and beefing up the universities and so on.
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Freedom to travel.
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So the communications systems have been improved hugely and the virtual ones as well.
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So those are the kinds of freedoms.
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Not so much concerned with freedom from surveillance or direction from the centre,
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the political freedoms, but the social freedoms are of great concern and they're of a negative kind,
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freedom from things.
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The other kind of freedom that
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Berlin talks about is positive freedom, that is freedom to do things.
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And here you could look at America.
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You have the freedom, the right to bear arms and therefore,
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as happened yesterday, 19 school children in the preparatory school were gunned down with a semi -automatic rifle.
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But you have that freedom to go out as an 18 year old
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and buy a gun and you have freedoms to express yourself as freely as you possibly can
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and many positive freedoms like that.
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And so Berlin himself and I think I myself feel that in our lives it's best to concentrate on the negative freedoms,
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the rules about what you can and can't do.
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And these rules are often quite simple.
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For example, in games there are rules
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that you can't say in football you can't pick up the ball and that's a simple rule.
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There are four or five simple rules like that.
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Whereas if you started to try and make positive rules you must do this,
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you must do that and so on and so on and you have the right to do this, the game would get enormously complicated.
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So I find that this kind of distinction allows me to show some preference towards negative freedoms
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and to see a world in which within responsibility
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and within constraint we can be as free as any animal can be free in this troubled world.
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So those are just a few starting thoughts about freedom.
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Thanks very much.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「On freedom - Alan Macfarlane」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：freedom, rule, Berlin, negative, liberty。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が48文、単語が565語あります。 音声の長さは5:01です。 話す速さは1分あたり約113語で安定しており、シャドーイングしやすいペースです。 単語の87%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれるため、語彙は分かりやすいです。
この動画の重要語彙
動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| liberty 名詞 | /ˈlɪbəti/ | 自由 |
| poverty 名詞 | /ˈpɑːvɚti/ | 貧乏, 貧困 |
| complicated 形容詞 | /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/ | 複雑な |
| compare 動詞 | /kəmˈpɛɚ/ | 比べる, 比較する |
| concrete 形容詞 | /ˌkɑnˈkɹit/ | 実際の, 具体的 |
| remote 形容詞 | /ɹəˈməʊt̞/ | 遠い, 遠隔な |
| connect 動詞 | /kəˈnɛkt/ | 繋げる |
| automatic 形容詞 | /ˌɔː.təˈmæt.ɪk/ | 自動の, 自動的な |
| virtual 形容詞 | /ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/ | 事実上の |
| relation 名詞 | /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ | 関係, 関連 |
| essay 名詞 | /ˈɛs.eɪ/ | エッセイ, 随筆 |
| rifle 名詞 | /ˈɹaɪfəl/ | 小銃, ライフル |
| surveillance 名詞 | /sɚˈveɪ.ləns/ | 監視, サーベイランス |
| grandmother 名詞 | /ˈɡɹæn(d)ˌmʌðɚ/ | お婆さん, お婆ちゃん |
| preference 名詞 | /ˈpɹɛf(ə)ɹ(ə)ns/ | 選択 |
動画に出てくる句動詞
| 単語 | 意味 |
|---|---|
| go out 動詞 | 出る |
| pick up 動詞 | 拾う, 拾い上げる |
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | I've spent · they've raised · they've built |
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | have been improved · were gunned |
注意したい発音
話し手はcan't, they've, I'veなど、短縮形や弱形を7回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「th」の音: grandmother /ˈɡɹæn(d)ˌmʌðɚ/, breakthrough /ˈbɹeɪk.θɹuː/
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, distinction /dɪˈstɪŋkʃən/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, automatic /ˌɔː.təˈmæt.ɪk/, philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/, preparatory /ˈpɹɛp(ə)ɹətɔɹi/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: virtual /ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/, relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, rifle /ˈɹaɪfəl/, freely /ˈfɹili/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: poverty /ˈpɑːvɚti/, virtual /ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/, surveillance /sɚˈveɪ.ləns/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: beef /bif/, rifle /ˈɹaɪfəl/, preference /ˈpɹɛf(ə)ɹ(ə)ns/, freely /ˈfɹili/, philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- 通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。liberty, poverty, complicatedなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。