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48 frasi
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On freedom.
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I've spent a lot of time through my life wondering what freedom is and what we should do about it.
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I think I must have thought about it obviously as a child.
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Was I free to go out and play?
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Was I free to take this money from my grandmother and so on?
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But it's really obviously later in school and then at university
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when I started to study political philosophy and heard the great cry of the French Revolution, Liberté and so on.
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And one of the breakthroughs in thinking about it was reading an essay by the political philosopher Isaiah Berlin,
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two concepts of liberty because liberty and freedom obviously are closely connected.
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What this helped me to do was to see that there are two really kinds of freedom and I will
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express this and explain this in relation perhaps to concrete examples.
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In China the major concern is what
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Berlin calls negative liberty, that is freedom from.
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And the kinds of things that certainly recent governments are being concerned with is freedom from poverty.
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So they've raised 800 million people out of poverty.
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Freedom from ill health.
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So they've built a very big extensive national,
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well a health service free for everyone at a basic level and freedom from recent disease.
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So Covid only six or seven thousand deaths compared to a million in America.
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Freedom from ignorance.
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So there's been a huge amount of outreach of schools to remote areas and beefing up the universities and so on.
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Freedom to travel.
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So the communications systems have been improved hugely and the virtual ones as well.
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So those are the kinds of freedoms.
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Not so much concerned with freedom from surveillance or direction from the centre,
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the political freedoms, but the social freedoms are of great concern and they're of a negative kind,
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freedom from things.
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The other kind of freedom that
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Berlin talks about is positive freedom, that is freedom to do things.
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And here you could look at America.
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You have the freedom, the right to bear arms and therefore,
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as happened yesterday, 19 school children in the preparatory school were gunned down with a semi -automatic rifle.
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But you have that freedom to go out as an 18 year old
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and buy a gun and you have freedoms to express yourself as freely as you possibly can
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and many positive freedoms like that.
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And so Berlin himself and I think I myself feel that in our lives it's best to concentrate on the negative freedoms,
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the rules about what you can and can't do.
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And these rules are often quite simple.
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For example, in games there are rules
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that you can't say in football you can't pick up the ball and that's a simple rule.
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There are four or five simple rules like that.
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Whereas if you started to try and make positive rules you must do this,
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you must do that and so on and so on and you have the right to do this, the game would get enormously complicated.
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So I find that this kind of distinction allows me to show some preference towards negative freedoms
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and to see a world in which within responsibility
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and within constraint we can be as free as any animal can be free in this troubled world.
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So those are just a few starting thoughts about freedom.
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Thanks very much.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione si basa sul video “On freedom - Alan Macfarlane”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: freedom, rule, Berlin, negative, liberty. Questo video contiene 48 frasi e 565 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 5:01. Chi parla mantiene un ritmo costante di circa 113 parole al minuto, comodo per lo shadowing. Il 87% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese, quindi il lessico è facile da seguire.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole del video che vale la pena imparare, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| liberty sostantivo | /ˈlɪbəti/ | libertà |
| poverty sostantivo | /ˈpɑːvɚti/ | povertà |
| complicated aggettivo | /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/ | complicato, intricato |
| compare verbo | /kəmˈpɛɚ/ | paragonare |
| concrete aggettivo | /ˌkɑnˈkɹit/ | concreto, reale |
| remote aggettivo | /ɹəˈməʊt̞/ | remoto |
| whereas | /(h)wɛɹˈæz/ | laddove, mentre |
| connect verbo | /kəˈnɛkt/ | connettere, connettersi |
| automatic aggettivo | /ˌɔː.təˈmæt.ɪk/ | automatico |
| virtual aggettivo | /ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/ | virtuale |
| relation sostantivo | /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ | parente |
| essay sostantivo | /ˈɛs.eɪ/ | saggio, ricerca |
| rifle sostantivo | /ˈɹaɪfəl/ | fucile, schioppo |
| surveillance sostantivo | /sɚˈveɪ.ləns/ | sorveglianza |
| grandmother sostantivo | /ˈɡɹæn(d)ˌmʌðɚ/ | nonna |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Significato |
|---|---|
| go out verbo | uscire, andare fuori |
| pick up verbo | tirare su, sollevare |
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | I've spent · they've raised · they've built |
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | have been improved · were gunned |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 7 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come can't, they've, I've. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “th”: grandmother /ˈɡɹæn(d)ˌmʌðɚ/, breakthrough /ˈbɹeɪk.θɹuː/
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, distinction /dɪˈstɪŋkʃən/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, automatic /ˌɔː.təˈmæt.ɪk/, philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/, preparatory /ˈpɹɛp(ə)ɹətɔɹi/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- /h/ — va soffiata, non è muta: whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, hugely /ˈhjuːd͡ʒli/
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, concrete /ˌkɑnˈkɹit/, whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, connect /kəˈnɛkt/, automatic /ˌɔː.təˈmæt.ɪk/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, automatic /ˌɔː.təˈmæt.ɪk/, grandmother /ˈɡɹæn(d)ˌmʌðɚ/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Fai shadowing frase per frase a velocità normale, ripetendo ognuna finché il tuo ritmo coincide con quello di chi parla.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come liberty, poverty, complicated.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.