تدريب Shadowing: On freedom - Alan Macfarlane - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو

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48 جمل
إذا كانت الجمل قصيرة أو طويلة جدًا، انقر على Edit لتعديلها.
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On freedom.
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I've spent a lot of time through my life wondering what freedom is and what we should do about it.
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I think I must have thought about it obviously as a child.
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Was I free to go out and play?
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Was I free to take this money from my grandmother and so on?
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But it's really obviously later in school and then at university
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when I started to study political philosophy and heard the great cry of the French Revolution, Liberté and so on.
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And one of the breakthroughs in thinking about it was reading an essay by the political philosopher Isaiah Berlin,
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two concepts of liberty because liberty and freedom obviously are closely connected.
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What this helped me to do was to see that there are two really kinds of freedom and I will
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express this and explain this in relation perhaps to concrete examples.
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In China the major concern is what
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Berlin calls negative liberty, that is freedom from.
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And the kinds of things that certainly recent governments are being concerned with is freedom from poverty.
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So they've raised 800 million people out of poverty.
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Freedom from ill health.
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So they've built a very big extensive national,
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well a health service free for everyone at a basic level and freedom from recent disease.
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So Covid only six or seven thousand deaths compared to a million in America.
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Freedom from ignorance.
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So there's been a huge amount of outreach of schools to remote areas and beefing up the universities and so on.
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Freedom to travel.
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So the communications systems have been improved hugely and the virtual ones as well.
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So those are the kinds of freedoms.
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Not so much concerned with freedom from surveillance or direction from the centre,
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the political freedoms, but the social freedoms are of great concern and they're of a negative kind,
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freedom from things.
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The other kind of freedom that
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Berlin talks about is positive freedom, that is freedom to do things.
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And here you could look at America.
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You have the freedom, the right to bear arms and therefore,
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as happened yesterday, 19 school children in the preparatory school were gunned down with a semi -automatic rifle.
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But you have that freedom to go out as an 18 year old
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and buy a gun and you have freedoms to express yourself as freely as you possibly can
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and many positive freedoms like that.
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And so Berlin himself and I think I myself feel that in our lives it's best to concentrate on the negative freedoms,
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the rules about what you can and can't do.
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And these rules are often quite simple.
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For example, in games there are rules
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that you can't say in football you can't pick up the ball and that's a simple rule.
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There are four or five simple rules like that.
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Whereas if you started to try and make positive rules you must do this,
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you must do that and so on and so on and you have the right to do this, the game would get enormously complicated.
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So I find that this kind of distinction allows me to show some preference towards negative freedoms
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and to see a world in which within responsibility
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and within constraint we can be as free as any animal can be free in this troubled world.
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So those are just a few starting thoughts about freedom.
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Thanks very much.

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المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس

هذا الدرس في المحادثة مبني على الفيديو “On freedom - Alan Macfarlane”. أكثر الكلمات تكرارًا في الفيديو: freedom, rule, Berlin, negative, liberty. يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 48 جملة و565 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 5:01. يتكلم المتحدث بسرعة ثابتة، نحو 113 كلمة في الدقيقة، وهي سرعة مريحة للترديد. 87% من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، فالمفردات سهلة المتابعة.

أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو

15 كلمة من الفيديو تستحق التعلّم، مع النطق والمعنى:

الكلمةالنطقالمعنى
liberty اسم/ˈlɪbəti/حُرِيَّة
poverty اسم/ˈpɑːvɚti/فَقْر
complicated صفة/ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/مُعَقَّد, مُرَكَّب
compare فعل/kəmˈpɛɚ/قَارَنَ
concrete صفة/ˌkɑnˈkɹit/مَادِّيّ
remote صفة/ɹəˈməʊt̞/بَعِيد
whereas/(h)wɛɹˈæz/عِنْدَمَا
connect فعل/kəˈnɛkt/رَبَطَ
automatic صفة/ˌɔː.təˈmæt.ɪk/تِلْقَائِيّ, أُوتُوماتِيكِيّ
relation اسم/ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/عَلَاقَة
essay اسم/ˈɛs.eɪ/مَقَالَة, بَحْث
rifle اسم/ˈɹaɪfəl/بُنْدُقِيَّة
grandmother اسم/ˈɡɹæn(d)ˌmʌðɚ/جَدَّة
preference اسم/ˈpɹɛf(ə)ɹ(ə)ns/تَفْضِيل, أَفْضَلِيَّة
distinction اسم/dɪˈstɪŋkʃən/تَمْيِيْز

الأفعال المركبة التي ستسمعها

الكلمةالمعنى
go out فعلخَرَجَ
pick up فعلقَطَفَ

القواعد في هذا الفيديو

أكثر التراكيب التي يستخدمها المتحدث، مع العبارات نفسها من الفيديو:

التركيبفي الفيديو
المضارع التام have/has + اسم المفعول — حدث ماضٍ ما زال له أثر الآنI've spent · they've raised · they've built
المبني للمجهول be + اسم المفعول — التركيز على ما يحدث لا على من يفعلهhave been improved · were gunned

نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه

يستخدم المتحدث 7 من الصيغ المختصرة، مثل can't, they've, I've. انطقها بصيغتها القصيرة كما تسمعها.

  • أصوات “th”: grandmother /ˈɡɹæn(d)ˌmʌðɚ/, breakthrough /ˈbɹeɪk.θɹuː/
  • أصوات “sh” و“zh”: relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, distinction /dɪˈstɪŋkʃən/
  • الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, automatic /ˌɔː.təˈmæt.ɪk/, philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/, preparatory /ˈpɹɛp(ə)ɹətɔɹi/

أصوات يجدها متحدثو العربية صعبة:

  • /p/ — ليس /b/: انطقه مع نفخة هواء: poverty /ˈpɑːvɚti/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, compare /kəmˈpɛɚ/, preference /ˈpɹɛf(ə)ɹ(ə)ns/, preparatory /ˈpɹɛp(ə)ɹətɔɹi/
  • /v/ — ليس /f/: مع اهتزاز الأوتار الصوتية: poverty /ˈpɑːvɚti/, virtual /ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/, surveillance /sɚˈveɪ.ləns/
  • تتابع الصوامت — لا تضف حركة بينها: complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, concrete /ˌkɑnˈkɹit/, whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, connect /kəˈnɛkt/, surveillance /sɚˈveɪ.ləns/

كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو

  1. استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
  2. ردّد جملة جملة بالسرعة العادية، وكرّر كل جملة حتى يتطابق إيقاعك مع المتحدث.
  3. سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل liberty, poverty, complicated.

ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟

التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.

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