跟讀練習: On freedom - Alan Macfarlane - 通過影片學習英語口語
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48 句
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On freedom.
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I've spent a lot of time through my life wondering what freedom is and what we should do about it.
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I think I must have thought about it obviously as a child.
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Was I free to go out and play?
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Was I free to take this money from my grandmother and so on?
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But it's really obviously later in school and then at university
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when I started to study political philosophy and heard the great cry of the French Revolution, Liberté and so on.
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And one of the breakthroughs in thinking about it was reading an essay by the political philosopher Isaiah Berlin,
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two concepts of liberty because liberty and freedom obviously are closely connected.
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What this helped me to do was to see that there are two really kinds of freedom and I will
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express this and explain this in relation perhaps to concrete examples.
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In China the major concern is what
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Berlin calls negative liberty, that is freedom from.
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And the kinds of things that certainly recent governments are being concerned with is freedom from poverty.
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So they've raised 800 million people out of poverty.
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Freedom from ill health.
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So they've built a very big extensive national,
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well a health service free for everyone at a basic level and freedom from recent disease.
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So Covid only six or seven thousand deaths compared to a million in America.
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Freedom from ignorance.
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So there's been a huge amount of outreach of schools to remote areas and beefing up the universities and so on.
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Freedom to travel.
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So the communications systems have been improved hugely and the virtual ones as well.
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So those are the kinds of freedoms.
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Not so much concerned with freedom from surveillance or direction from the centre,
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the political freedoms, but the social freedoms are of great concern and they're of a negative kind,
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freedom from things.
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The other kind of freedom that
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Berlin talks about is positive freedom, that is freedom to do things.
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And here you could look at America.
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You have the freedom, the right to bear arms and therefore,
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as happened yesterday, 19 school children in the preparatory school were gunned down with a semi -automatic rifle.
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But you have that freedom to go out as an 18 year old
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and buy a gun and you have freedoms to express yourself as freely as you possibly can
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and many positive freedoms like that.
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And so Berlin himself and I think I myself feel that in our lives it's best to concentrate on the negative freedoms,
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the rules about what you can and can't do.
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And these rules are often quite simple.
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For example, in games there are rules
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that you can't say in football you can't pick up the ball and that's a simple rule.
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There are four or five simple rules like that.
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Whereas if you started to try and make positive rules you must do this,
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you must do that and so on and so on and you have the right to do this, the game would get enormously complicated.
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So I find that this kind of distinction allows me to show some preference towards negative freedoms
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and to see a world in which within responsibility
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and within constraint we can be as free as any animal can be free in this troubled world.
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So those are just a few starting thoughts about freedom.
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Thanks very much.
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本課的詞彙與口語要點
這節口語課以影片“On freedom - Alan Macfarlane”為素材。 影片中反覆出現的詞有：freedom, rule, Berlin, negative, liberty。 這段影片共有 48 個句子、565 個單詞可供跟讀。 講話部分時長為 5:01。 說話人語速平穩，每分鐘約 113 個詞，很適合跟讀。 87% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙容易理解。
影片中的重點詞彙
影片中 15 個值得學習的單詞，附發音和釋義：
| 單詞 | 發音 | 釋義 |
|---|---|---|
| liberty 名詞 | /ˈlɪbəti/ | 自由 |
| poverty 名詞 | /ˈpɑːvɚti/ | 貧窮 /貧窮, 貧困 /貧困 |
| complicated 形容詞 | /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/ | 複雜 /複雜 |
| compare 動詞 | /kəmˈpɛɚ/ | 比, 比較 /比較 |
| concrete 形容詞 | /ˌkɑnˈkɹit/ | 切實的 /切實的, 具體的 /具體的 |
| remote 形容詞 | /ɹəˈməʊt̞/ | 遠 /遠, 遙遠 /遙遠 |
| whereas | /(h)wɛɹˈæz/ | 然而 |
| connect 動詞 | /kəˈnɛkt/ | 連線 /連線 |
| automatic 形容詞 | /ˌɔː.təˈmæt.ɪk/ | 自動的 /自動的 |
| relation 名詞 | /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ | 關係 /關係 |
| essay 名詞 | /ˈɛs.eɪ/ | 雜文 /雜文, 論文 /論文 |
| rifle 名詞 | /ˈɹaɪfəl/ | 步槍 /步槍, 來福槍 /來福槍 |
| surveillance 名詞 | /sɚˈveɪ.ləns/ | 監測 /監測, 監視 /監視 |
| grandmother 名詞 | /ˈɡɹæn(d)ˌmʌðɚ/ | 奶奶, 祖母 |
| preference 名詞 | /ˈpɹɛf(ə)ɹ(ə)ns/ | 優選 /優選, 選擇 /選擇 |
影片中出現的短語動詞
| 單詞 | 釋義 |
|---|---|
| go out 動詞 | 出, 出口 |
| pick up 動詞 | 拾取, 撿 /撿 |
影片中的語法
說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：
| 結構 | 影片中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事 | I've spent · they've raised · they've built |
| 被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的 | have been improved · were gunned |
需要注意的發音
說話人用了 7 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 can't, they've, I've。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。
- “th” 音: grandmother /ˈɡɹæn(d)ˌmʌðɚ/, breakthrough /ˈbɹeɪk.θɹuː/
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, distinction /dɪˈstɪŋkʃən/
- 長單詞——注意重音位置: complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, automatic /ˌɔː.təˈmæt.ɪk/, philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/, preparatory /ˈpɹɛp(ə)ɹətɔɹi/
中文母語者容易讀錯的音：
- /v/ — 不要讀成 /w/，上齒輕觸下唇: poverty /ˈpɑːvɚti/, virtual /ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/, surveillance /sɚˈveɪ.ləns/
- 詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, concrete /ˌkɑnˈkɹit/, whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, connect /kəˈnɛkt/, automatic /ˌɔː.təˈmæt.ɪk/
- /r/ 和 /l/ 的區別: virtual /ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/, relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, rifle /ˈɹaɪfəl/, freely /ˈfɹili/
如何用這段影片練習
- 先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
- 用正常速度逐句跟讀，每句重複到你的節奏與說話人一致為止。
- 錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 liberty, poverty, complicated 這類單詞。
什麼是跟讀法？
跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。