Shadowing Practice: On freedom - Alan Macfarlane - Learn English Speaking with Video

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On freedom.
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I've spent a lot of time through my life wondering what freedom is and what we should do about it.
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I think I must have thought about it obviously as a child.
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Was I free to go out and play?
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Was I free to take this money from my grandmother and so on?
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But it's really obviously later in school and then at university
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when I started to study political philosophy and heard the great cry of the French Revolution, Liberté and so on.
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And one of the breakthroughs in thinking about it was reading an essay by the political philosopher Isaiah Berlin,
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two concepts of liberty because liberty and freedom obviously are closely connected.
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What this helped me to do was to see that there are two really kinds of freedom and I will
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express this and explain this in relation perhaps to concrete examples.
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In China the major concern is what
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Berlin calls negative liberty, that is freedom from.
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And the kinds of things that certainly recent governments are being concerned with is freedom from poverty.
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So they've raised 800 million people out of poverty.
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Freedom from ill health.
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So they've built a very big extensive national,
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well a health service free for everyone at a basic level and freedom from recent disease.
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So Covid only six or seven thousand deaths compared to a million in America.
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Freedom from ignorance.
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So there's been a huge amount of outreach of schools to remote areas and beefing up the universities and so on.
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Freedom to travel.
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So the communications systems have been improved hugely and the virtual ones as well.
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So those are the kinds of freedoms.
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Not so much concerned with freedom from surveillance or direction from the centre,
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the political freedoms, but the social freedoms are of great concern and they're of a negative kind,
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freedom from things.
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The other kind of freedom that
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Berlin talks about is positive freedom, that is freedom to do things.
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And here you could look at America.
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You have the freedom, the right to bear arms and therefore,
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as happened yesterday, 19 school children in the preparatory school were gunned down with a semi -automatic rifle.
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But you have that freedom to go out as an 18 year old
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and buy a gun and you have freedoms to express yourself as freely as you possibly can
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and many positive freedoms like that.
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And so Berlin himself and I think I myself feel that in our lives it's best to concentrate on the negative freedoms,
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the rules about what you can and can't do.
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And these rules are often quite simple.
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For example, in games there are rules
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that you can't say in football you can't pick up the ball and that's a simple rule.
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There are four or five simple rules like that.
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Whereas if you started to try and make positive rules you must do this,
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you must do that and so on and so on and you have the right to do this, the game would get enormously complicated.
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So I find that this kind of distinction allows me to show some preference towards negative freedoms
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and to see a world in which within responsibility
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and within constraint we can be as free as any animal can be free in this troubled world.
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So those are just a few starting thoughts about freedom.
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Thanks very much.

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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección

Esta lección de conversación se basa en el vídeo “On freedom - Alan Macfarlane”. Las palabras que más se repiten: freedom, rule, Berlin, negative, liberty. Este vídeo tiene 48 frases y 565 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 5:01. El hablante mantiene un ritmo constante de unas 113 palabras por minuto, cómodo para el shadowing. El 87 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés, por lo que el vocabulario es fácil de seguir.

Vocabulario clave de este vídeo

15 palabras del vídeo que vale la pena aprender, con su pronunciación y significado:

PalabraPronunciaciónSignificado
liberty sustantivo/ˈlɪbəti/libertad
poverty sustantivo/ˈpɑːvɚti/pobreza, pauperismo
complicated adjetivo/ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/complicado
compare verbo/kəmˈpɛɚ/comparar, parangonar
concrete adjetivo/ˌkɑnˈkɹit/concreto
remote adjetivo/ɹəˈməʊt̞/remoto
whereas/(h)wɛɹˈæz/mientras que (locution)
connect verbo/kəˈnɛkt/conectar, empalmar
automatic adjetivo/ˌɔː.təˈmæt.ɪk/automático
virtual adjetivo/ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/virtual
relation sustantivo/ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/relación
essay sustantivo/ˈɛs.eɪ/ensayo, redacción
rifle sustantivo/ˈɹaɪfəl/fusil, rifle
surveillance sustantivo/sɚˈveɪ.ləns/vigilancia
grandmother sustantivo/ˈɡɹæn(d)ˌmʌðɚ/abuela

Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar

PalabraSignificado
go out verbosalir
pick up verbocoger, asir

Gramática en este vídeo

Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:

EstructuraEn el vídeo
Present perfect have/has + participio pasado — una acción pasada que sigue importando ahoraI've spent · they've raised · they've built
Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo hacehave been improved · were gunned

Pronunciación a tener en cuenta

El hablante usa 7 contracciones y formas reducidas, como can't, they've, I've. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.

  • Los sonidos de “th”: grandmother /ˈɡɹæn(d)ˌmʌðɚ/, breakthrough /ˈbɹeɪk.θɹuː/
  • Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, distinction /dɪˈstɪŋkʃən/
  • Palabras largas — cuida el acento: complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, automatic /ˌɔː.təˈmæt.ɪk/, philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/, preparatory /ˈpɹɛp(ə)ɹətɔɹi/

Sonidos difíciles para hispanohablantes:

  • /v/ — no es /b/: los dientes tocan el labio inferior: poverty /ˈpɑːvɚti/, virtual /ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/, surveillance /sɚˈveɪ.ləns/
  • /h/ — una aspiración suave, no la “j”: whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, hugely /ˈhjuːd͡ʒli/

Cómo practicar con este vídeo

  1. Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
  2. Haz shadowing frase por frase a velocidad normal, repitiendo cada una hasta que tu ritmo coincida con el del hablante.
  3. Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como liberty, poverty, complicated.

¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.

Técnica de shadowing: lee la guía completa paso a paso →