シャドーイング練習: What is Urbanisation? - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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41 文
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A growing proportion of the world's population lives in urban areas, such as Lagos, seen here.
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It is estimated that, for the first time in human history, the world's urban population has overtaken the world's rural population.
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Urbanisation is defined as a growing proportion of people living in towns and cities.
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The word proportion is key here.
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It means that if we take the total population, the percentage living in towns and cities is getting bigger,
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and the percentage living in the countryside is getting smaller.
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It doesn't assume the total population is getting bigger overall although it is,
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just the proportion living in urban areas is increasing.
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The pattern of urban change is not equal across the globe
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as can be seen in this graph of urbanization in six of the seven continents.
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It is important that you are aware of the different levels of urbanization in high -income countries and low -income countries.
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In most high -income countries over 60 % of the population live in cities
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and it is higher for some specific high -income countries.
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In some low -income countries in Africa
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and Asia the urban population can be as low as 20
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% although as you can see the average is over 40 % for Africa as a whole, and nearer to 50 % in Asia.
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Predicted trends see large increases in low -income countries.
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With high -income countries already highly urbanised, their rate of urbanisation is set to slow in the future.
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The two factors affecting the rate of urbanisation are migration and natural increase.
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Rural urban migration is the movement of people from the countryside to towns and cities.
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This movement is caused by push and pull factors.
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Push factors are the reason why people wish to leave the countryside.
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Pull factors are the reasons why people are attracted to the city.
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An example of a push factor is the lack of farming jobs due to mechanisation in the countryside.
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An example of a pull factor is that the standard of living could be higher in the cities.
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Natural increase in towns and cities is also contributing to urbanisation.
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people thrive in towns and cities where medical care
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and support is often better
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and death rates can be significantly lower there are also lots of young adults in towns
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and cities in part due to migration who may choose to have children and add to the urban population
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You should be aware of the emergence of megacities.
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Megacities are cities with a population of over 10 million people.
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This map shows the location of megacities in 2010.
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There is often debate about which cities have become megacities.
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It is a good idea to familiarise yourself with the names of megacities
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and their location but don't be surprised if names appear
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and disappear as you see a variety of maps
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it's all to do with different methods of working out city boundaries make sure
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you can describe the distribution of the world's megacities notice the
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high number of megacities in Asia look back to the graph showing urbanisation across the continents.
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Where do you anticipate future megacities will develop?
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「What is Urbanisation?」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：cities, population, megacities, urban, income。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が41文、単語が515語あります。 音声の長さは4:21です。 話す速さは1分あたり約118語で安定しており、シャドーイングしやすいペースです。 単語の87%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれるため、語彙は分かりやすいです。
この動画の重要語彙
動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| proportion 名詞 | /pɹəˈpɔɹʃən/ | 割合, 比例 |
| countryside 名詞 | /ˈkʌn.tɹiˌsaɪd/ | 田舎 |
| migration 名詞 | /maɪˈɡɹeɪʃ(ə)n/ | 移住 |
| percentage 名詞 | /pə(ɹ)ˈsɛntɪd͡ʒ/ | 百分率, 百分比 |
| continent 名詞 | /ˈkɑntɪnənt/ | 大陸 |
| graph 名詞 | /ɡɹæf/ | グラフ, 図表 |
| contribute 動詞 | /kənˈtɹɪb.jut/ | 貢献する |
| estimate 名詞 | /ˈɛs.tɪ.mət/ | 推定 |
| globe 名詞 | /ɡloʊb/ | グローブ, 地球儀 |
| attract 動詞 | /əˈtɹækt/ | 引きつける |
| boundary 名詞 | /ˈbaʊndɹi/ | 境界, 境 |
| disappear 動詞 | /dɪsəˈpɪɹ/ | 消える |
| predict 動詞 | /pɹɪˈdɪkt/ | 予言する |
| emergence 名詞 | /ɪˈmɝ.d͡ʒ(ə)ns/ | 創発 |
| anticipate 動詞 | /ænˈtɪs.ɪ.peɪt/ | 予想する |
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | is estimated · is defined · can be seen |
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | has overtaken · have become |
注意したい発音
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: proportion /pɹəˈpɔɹʃən/, migration /maɪˈɡɹeɪʃ(ə)n/, mechanization /ˌmɛkənaɪˈzeɪʃən/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: anticipate /ænˈtɪs.ɪ.peɪt/, familiarize /fəˈmɪliəɹaɪ̯z/, mechanization /ˌmɛkənaɪˈzeɪʃən/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: thrive /θɹajv/, overtake /əʊ̯vəːˈteɪ̯k/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: graph /ɡɹæf/, define /dɪˈfaɪn/, familiarize /fəˈmɪliəɹaɪ̯z/
- 子音の連続 — 間に母音を入れない: proportion /pɹəˈpɔɹʃən/, countryside /ˈkʌn.tɹiˌsaɪd/, continent /ˈkɑntɪnənt/, graph /ɡɹæf/, contribute /kənˈtɹɪb.jut/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- 通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。proportion, countryside, migrationなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。