シャドーイング練習: How China is designing flood-resistant cities - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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This isn't a forest.

Not really.

It's actually an urban park in the densely populated city of Nanchang, China, filled with birds, native trees,

and volcanic rock on 137 acres of urban land.

It's called a sponge city, and it's a type of natural infrastructure

that architects around the world are designing to help us combat and withstand a changing climate.

So what does it mean for a city to become spongy?

This video is presented by Delta Airlines.

Today, like everywhere else on the globe, cities are feeling the effects of climate change,

and they often don't have the right infrastructure to help them survive its impacts.

Some neighborhoods in Houston don't have enough trees to provide shade and relief from rising temperatures.

Meanwhile, rising sea levels threaten coastal cities like Mumbai and Seoul that don't often have the infrastructure to handle more frequent flooding.

This is only made worse by the fact that cities are covered with pavement and other surfaces that can't absorb water.

Urbanization changes habitats.

So when you build on a place, it removes vegetation, It alters hydrology.

That's Dr. Charlie Nylon.

He told me that cities play a complicated role in the climate crisis, especially when it comes to maintaining biodiversity.

Biodiversity is, simply put, the total number of plants and animals that occur someplace.

Biodiversity is one of our main support systems for human life on Earth.

We rely on natural ecosystems full of diverse plants,

animals, and organisms for essential things like clean water, food, and medicine.

And biodiversity is critical to defending the earth against climate change.

We need healthy forests to absorb carbon dioxide from the air, and enough native plants for pollinators to help crops flourish.

But studies show that as urban expansion continues, it can drive habitat losses that directly put some species in danger, profoundly impacting global biodiversity.

Cities have a big impact on what happens locally.

Cities capture a significant number of plant and animal species which are native, so that even in cities, there's a significant amount of biodiversity.

Which means they can play a role in saving these local plant and animal species.

The really important thing to think about is not so much how urbanization reduces biodiversity, but really how in cities you can conserve biodiversity.

One way to do this is by creating environments where nature can flourish.

Environments that can also help cities soak up excess water.

And that's where sponge cities come in.

In 2015, China launched a sponge city pilot program in 30 cities across the country.

The goal of the program was to coordinate and promote the construction of sponge cities, which would improve urban drainage and flood prevention,

and create a diverse biological environment.

Architects did this by supplementing the existing gray infrastructure that relied on concrete pipes and dams with natural solutions,

like gardens that are designed to capture rain and native trees that suck up excess water through their roots.

In China, these ideas were taken from ancient drainage systems.

That's because for centuries, Chinese cities actually handled water pretty well, in part because they were built with nature in mind.

A study from the scientific journal

Water recreated some of these old practices.

Building roofs designed with sloped eaves allowed rainwater to fall onto the permeable pavement below,

and exterior walls were lined with flowers and trees to absorb rain and stormwater.

Today, natural solutions like these have been re -implemented in major cities across China.

In Xi 'an 'an, a sewage pipe was replaced with this natural infiltration system

that uses vegetation beds to purify storm and rainwater.

Shanghai replaced concrete roads and sidewalks with this permeable pavement, which is lined with vegetation, to absorb excess water into the soil underground.

And across Wuhan, dozens of urban gardens like these were planted to absorb water before or it overwhelms communities.

Most of these projects rely on introducing vegetation in an urban area to soak up excess water.

This is a really great way to handle flooding, and it also supports urban biodiversity.

Because you're providing habitat for additional groups, plant and animal species, sometimes you can restore habitats that have been lost.

Despite these benefits, sponge cities can't fix everything.

The connection between climate change and flooding is still being studied.

But when floods do happen, these spongy cities are only able to absorb excess water up to a certain point.

In 2021, sponge city designs in Zhengzhou failed when historic rainfall drenched the city.

More than 300 people died from the catastrophic flooding.

There are other limitations too.

One review of sponge cities in Guayan, New District, found that national standards and codes for spongy infrastructure are really difficult to enforce because climate,

hydrology, and even socioeconomics are vastly different from one city to the next.

So what might work in some cities won't necessarily solve climate -related problems in others.

Plus, ambitious sponge city designs like the sprawling parks built in China are expensive and require a lot of space, which most cities don't have.

So some US cities experimenting with natural infrastructure, like LA and Boston,

are using the green space they already have by trying things like planting vegetation on curbs

and creating green spaces along median stripes.

One type of city design certainly won't save us from climate change, but they can make a difference in how we live with

it we often talk about biodiversity like it's far away

but it's actually right there and I think the more

that people understand that the kinds of things they do from where they live

that really matters people can do things to change cities

they can do things to make cities different they can do things to make cities better

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「How China is designing flood-resistant cities」を教材にしています。繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：cities, biodiversity, sponge, climate, urban。この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が75文、単語が954語あります。音声の長さは6:27です。話す速さは1分あたり約148語で安定しており、シャドーイングしやすいペースです。英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は78%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語	発音	意味
sponge 名詞	/spʌnd͡ʒ/	海綿
infrastructure 名詞	/ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/	インフラストラクチャ, インフラ
flood 名詞	/flʌd/	洪水, 大水
absorb 動詞	/æbˈsɔɹb/	吸収する
vegetation 名詞	/ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/	草木, 植生
rely 動詞	/ɹɪˈlaɪ/	頼る, あてにする
concrete 形容詞	/ˌkɑnˈkɹit/	実際の, 具体的
capture 動詞	/ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/	捕獲する
pipe 名詞	/ˈpaɪp/	笛
diverse 形容詞	/daɪˈvɜːs/	様々な
architect 名詞	/ˈɑɹ.kɪˌtɛkt/	建築家
soak 動詞	/soʊk/	濡れる, 浸る染みる
flourish 動詞	/ˈflʊ̈ɹ.ɪʃ/	繁茂する, 繁栄する
meanwhile 副詞	/ˈmiːnwaɪl/	その間に
complicated 形容詞	/ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/	複雑な

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	is presented · is only made · are designed
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	have been · have been lost
関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える	species which are · pavement, which is

注意したい発音

話し手はdon't, can't, won'tなど、短縮形や弱形を10回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

「th」の音: threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/, withstand /wɪðˈstænd/
「sh」と「zh」の音: vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, flourish /ˈflʊ̈ɹ.ɪʃ/, prevention /pɹɪˈvɛnʃən/, shade /ʃeɪd/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: infrastructure /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/, vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, necessarily /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, economics /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪks/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

/r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: rely /ɹɪˈlaɪ/, flourish /ˈflʊ̈ɹ.ɪʃ/, necessarily /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/, alter /ˈɔl.təɹ/, profoundly /pɹəˈfaʊndli/
/v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, pavement /ˈpeɪvm(ə)nt/, diverse /daɪˈvɜːs/, solve /sɒlv/, prevention /pɹɪˈvɛnʃən/
/f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: infrastructure /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/, flood /flʌd/, flourish /ˈflʊ̈ɹ.ɪʃ/, defend /dɪˈfɪnd/, flower /ˈfloʊɚ/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。sponge, infrastructure, floodなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: How China is designing flood-resistant cities - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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