Prática de Shadowing: What is Urbanisation? - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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A growing proportion of the world's population lives in urban areas, such as Lagos, seen here.
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It is estimated that, for the first time in human history, the world's urban population has overtaken the world's rural population.
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Urbanisation is defined as a growing proportion of people living in towns and cities.
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The word proportion is key here.
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It means that if we take the total population, the percentage living in towns and cities is getting bigger,
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and the percentage living in the countryside is getting smaller.
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It doesn't assume the total population is getting bigger overall although it is,
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just the proportion living in urban areas is increasing.
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The pattern of urban change is not equal across the globe
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as can be seen in this graph of urbanization in six of the seven continents.
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It is important that you are aware of the different levels of urbanization in high -income countries and low -income countries.
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In most high -income countries over 60 % of the population live in cities
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and it is higher for some specific high -income countries.
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In some low -income countries in Africa
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and Asia the urban population can be as low as 20
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% although as you can see the average is over 40 % for Africa as a whole, and nearer to 50 % in Asia.
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Predicted trends see large increases in low -income countries.
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With high -income countries already highly urbanised, their rate of urbanisation is set to slow in the future.
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The two factors affecting the rate of urbanisation are migration and natural increase.
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Rural urban migration is the movement of people from the countryside to towns and cities.
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This movement is caused by push and pull factors.
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Push factors are the reason why people wish to leave the countryside.
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Pull factors are the reasons why people are attracted to the city.
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An example of a push factor is the lack of farming jobs due to mechanisation in the countryside.
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An example of a pull factor is that the standard of living could be higher in the cities.
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Natural increase in towns and cities is also contributing to urbanisation.
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people thrive in towns and cities where medical care
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and support is often better
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and death rates can be significantly lower there are also lots of young adults in towns
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and cities in part due to migration who may choose to have children and add to the urban population
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You should be aware of the emergence of megacities.
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Megacities are cities with a population of over 10 million people.
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This map shows the location of megacities in 2010.
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There is often debate about which cities have become megacities.
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It is a good idea to familiarise yourself with the names of megacities
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and their location but don't be surprised if names appear
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and disappear as you see a variety of maps
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it's all to do with different methods of working out city boundaries make sure
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you can describe the distribution of the world's megacities notice the
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high number of megacities in Asia look back to the graph showing urbanisation across the continents.
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Where do you anticipate future megacities will develop?
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “What is Urbanisation?”. As palavras que mais se repetem: cities, population, megacities, urban, income. Este vídeo tem 41 frases e 515 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 4:21. O falante mantém um ritmo estável de cerca de 118 palavras por minuto, confortável para o shadowing. 87% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é fácil de acompanhar.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| proportion substantivo | /pɹəˈpɔɹʃən/ | proporção |
| countryside substantivo | /ˈkʌn.tɹiˌsaɪd/ | roça, interior |
| migration substantivo | /maɪˈɡɹeɪʃ(ə)n/ | migração |
| percentage substantivo | /pə(ɹ)ˈsɛntɪd͡ʒ/ | percentagem, porcentagem |
| continent substantivo | /ˈkɑntɪnənt/ | continente |
| graph substantivo | /ɡɹæf/ | gráfico |
| contribute verbo | /kənˈtɹɪb.jut/ | contribuir |
| define verbo | /dɪˈfaɪn/ | definir |
| estimate substantivo | /ˈɛs.tɪ.mət/ | estimativa, cálculo |
| globe substantivo | /ɡloʊb/ | globo |
| attract verbo | /əˈtɹækt/ | atrair |
| boundary substantivo | /ˈbaʊndɹi/ | fronteira |
| disappear verbo | /dɪsəˈpɪɹ/ | desaparecer, sumir |
| predict verbo | /pɹɪˈdɪkt/ | prever |
| emergence substantivo | /ɪˈmɝ.d͡ʒ(ə)ns/ | emergência |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| work out verbo | /ˌwɝk ˈaʊt/ | calcular |
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | is estimated · is defined · can be seen |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | has overtaken · have become |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: proportion /pɹəˈpɔɹʃən/, migration /maɪˈɡɹeɪʃ(ə)n/, mechanization /ˌmɛkənaɪˈzeɪʃən/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: anticipate /ænˈtɪs.ɪ.peɪt/, familiarize /fəˈmɪliəɹaɪ̯z/, mechanization /ˌmɛkənaɪˈzeɪʃən/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: countryside /ˈkʌn.tɹiˌsaɪd/, continent /ˈkɑntɪnənt/, contribute /kənˈtɹɪb.jut/, estimate /ˈɛs.tɪ.mət/, globe /ɡloʊb/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Faça shadowing frase por frase na velocidade normal, repetindo cada uma até o seu ritmo ficar igual ao do falante.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como proportion, countryside, migration.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.