シャドーイング練習: How Psychotherapy Works - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
レッスンを作成中...
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When one is in a bad place in one's head, the modern world offers three main sources of help.
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Psychiatric meditation, CBT and psychotherapy.
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Each one of these has its own advantages and drawbacks.
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Medication can be exemplary in a crisis, at points when the mind is so under siege from fear,
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anxiety or despair, that thinking things through cannot be an option.
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Correctly administered, without requiring any conscious cooperation from us, pills play around with our brain chemistry in a way
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that helps us get through to the next day and the one after.
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We may get very sleepy, a bit nauseous or rather foggy in the process, but at least we're still around and functioning more or less.
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Then there is cognitive behavioral therapy, CBT, normally administered by psychologists and psychiatrists in six to ten hour-long sessions,
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which teaches techniques for arguing rationally with, and with any luck at points controlling,
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the ghoulish certainties thrown up by our internal persecutors.
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Paranoia, low self-esteem, shame and panic.
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Lastly, there is psychotherapy, which from a distance looks like it has only drawbacks.
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Psychotherapy has a very hard time showing its efficacy in scientific trials
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and it has to plead that its results are too singular, neatly to fit the models offered by statisticians.
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Also, it takes up a large amount of time, demanding perhaps two sessions a week for a couple of years
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and it's therefore by far the most expensive option on the menu.
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Finally, psychotherapy requires active engagement from its patients and sustained emotional effort.
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One can't simply allow chemistry to do the work.
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And yet, psychotherapy is in certain cases a hugely effective choice, which properly alleviates pain, not by magic or chance,
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but for three solidly founded reasons.
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Firstly, our unconscious feelings become conscious.
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A founding idea of psychotherapy is that we get mentally unwell,
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have a breakdown or develop phobias because we are not sufficiently aware of the difficulties we have been through.
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Somewhere in the past, we have endured certain situations that were so troubling or sad,
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they outstripped our rational faculties and had to be pushed out of day-to-day awareness.
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For example, we can't remember the real dynamics of our relationship with a parent.
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We can't see what we do every time someone tries to get close to us, nor trace the origins of our self-sabotage or panic around sex.
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Victims of our unconscious, we cannot grasp what we long for or are terrified by.
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In such cases, we cannot be healed simply through rational discussion as proponents of CBT implicitly propose,
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because we can't fathom what's powering our distress in the first place.
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Psychotherapy is a tool for correcting our self-ignorance in the most profound ways.
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It provides us with a space in which we can, in safety, say whatever comes into our heads.
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The therapist won't be disgusted or surprised or bored.
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They've seen everything already.
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In their company, we can feel acceptable and our secrets sympathetically unpacked.
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As a result, crucial ideas and feelings bubble up from the unconscious and are healed through exposure, interpretation and contextualisation.
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We cry about incidents we didn't even know before the session started, that we'd been through or felt so strongly about.
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The ghosts of the past are seen in daylight and are laid to rest.
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There's a second reason why psychotherapy can work so well – transference.
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Transference is a technical term that describes the way, once therapy develops, a patient will start to behave towards the therapist in ways
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that echo aspects of their most important and most traumatic past relationships.
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A patient with a punitive parent might, for example, develop a strong feeling that the therapist must find them revolting or boring.
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Or a patient who needed to keep a depressed parent cheerful when they were small might feel compelled
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to put up a jokey facade whenever dangerously sad topics come into view.
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We transfer like this outside therapy all the time.
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But there, what we're doing doesn't get noticed or properly dealt with.
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However, psychotherapy is a controlled experiment that can teach us to observe what we're up to, understand where our impulses come from,
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and then adjust our behaviour in less unfortunate directions.
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A therapist might gently ask a patient why they are so convinced they must be disgusting.
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Or they might lead them to see how their use of jokey sarcasm is covering up underlying sadness and terror.
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The patient thereby starts to spot the distortions in their expectations set up by their history
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and develops less self-defeating ways of interacting with people in their lives going forward.
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Then, the third reason why psychotherapy works.
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It is the first good relationship.
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We are, many of us, critically damaged by the legacy of past bad relationships.
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When we were defenseless and small, we didn't have the luxury of experiencing people who were reliable,
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who listened to us, who set the right boundaries and helped us to feel legitimate and worthy.
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However, when things go well, the therapist is experienced as the first truly supportive and reliable person we've yet encountered.
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They become the good parent we so needed and maybe never had.
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In their company, we can regress to stages of development that went wrong and relive them with a better ending.
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Now we can express need, we can be properly angry and entirely devastated and they will take it,
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thereby making good years of pain.
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One good relationship becomes the model for relationships outside the therapy room.
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The therapist's moderate, intelligent voice becomes part of our own inner dialogue.
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We are cured through continuous, repeated exposure to sanity and kindness.
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Psychotherapy won't work for everyone.
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One has to be in the right place in one's mind.
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One has to stumble on a good therapist and be in a position to give the process due time and care.
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But With all that said, with a fair wind, psychotherapy also has the chance to be the best thing we ever get around to doing.
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Thank you.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このC1レベルのスピーキングレッスンは、動画「How Psychotherapy Works」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：psychotherapy, therapist, patient, relationship, therapy。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が71文、単語が1012語あります。 音声の長さは7:15です。 話す速さは1分あたり約140語で安定しており、シャドーイングしやすいペースです。 英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は77%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。
この動画の重要語彙
動画の中で特に難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| therapist 名詞 | /ˈθɛɹəpɪst/ | セラピスト, 治療士 |
| unconscious 形容詞 | /ˌʌnˈkɑnʃəs/ | 無意識 |
| drawback 名詞 | /ˈdɹɔˌbæk/ | 欠点 |
| administer 動詞 | /ədˈmɪn.ɪ.stə/ | 管理する |
| bore 動詞 | /boɹ/ | いらいらさせる |
| thereby 副詞 | /ðɛɹˈbaɪ/ | それによって, そのために |
| rational 形容詞 | /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/ | 合理的 |
| compel 動詞 | /kəmˈpɛl/ | 強いる |
| dangerously 副詞 | 危うく, 危険に | |
| facade 名詞 | /fəˈsɑ(ː)d/ | 正面, ファサード |
| paranoia 名詞 | /ˌpæɹ.əˈnɔɪ.ə/ | パラノイア, 偏執病 |
| phobia 名詞 | /ˈfoʊ.bi.ə/ | 恐怖症 |
| regress 動詞 | /ˈɹiːˌɡɹɛs/ | 後退する, 退歩する |
| sanity 名詞 | /ˈsæn.əˌti/ | 正気 |
| statistician 名詞 | /ˌstætɪsˈtɪʃn̩/ | 統計学者 |
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | be pushed · are terrified · cannot be healed |
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | have been · have endured · They've seen |
注意したい発音
話し手はcan't, we're, didn'tなど、短縮形や弱形を15回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「th」の音: psychotherapy /ˌsaɪkoʊˈθɛɹəpi/, therapist /ˈθɛɹəpɪst/, thereby /ðɛɹˈbaɪ/, fathom /ˈfæðəm/, sympathetically /sɪmpəˈθɛtɪk(ə)li/
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: unconscious /ˌʌnˈkɑnʃəs/, rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, ghoulish /ˈɡuː.lɪʃ/, nauseous /ˈnɔʃəs/, statistician /ˌstætɪsˈtɪʃn̩/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: psychotherapy /ˌsaɪkoʊˈθɛɹəpi/, administer /ədˈmɪn.ɪ.stə/, exemplary /ɪɡˈzɛmpləɹi/, paranoia /ˌpæɹ.əˈnɔɪ.ə/, sympathetically /sɪmpəˈθɛtɪk(ə)li/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, exemplary /ɪɡˈzɛmpləɹi/, relive /ɹiːˈlɪv/, cheerful /ˈt͡ʃɪɹfl̩/, revolt /ɹɪˈvoʊlt/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: punitive /ˈpju.nɪ.tɪv/, relive /ɹiːˈlɪv/, alleviate /əˈli.vi.eɪt/, devastated /ˈdɛv.əˌsteɪ.təd/, revolt /ɹɪˈvoʊlt/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: transference /tɹænsˈfəɹəns/, defenseless /dɪˈfɛnsləs/, facade /fəˈsɑ(ː)d/, fathom /ˈfæðəm/, phobia /ˈfoʊ.bi.ə/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- 通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。therapist, unconscious, drawbackなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。