シャドーイング練習: How to Think in English (Stop Translating in Your Head) - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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Welcome back to the English channel and today we have a very special video.

I'll be teaching you or giving you tips on how not to think in your native language.

So maybe you speak Spanish, how not to think in Spanish and then translate into English.

But so remember this 20 -minute vlog is the same thing as a one -hour English class.

And how is that?

Through comprehensible input so today I'll show you guys different vocabulary words

while I'm walking home and you guys see behind me there is a palm tree here

and there is a beautiful view so

and I'm also sitting I'm also sitting on a bench

and this is a wooden bench that I'm sitting on

so let's go through the first three tips of how not

to translate in english in your head as you remember i have some notes in my phone

so the first the first tip that i'm going to show you teach you guys is

learn don't learn single words learn phrases so for example

when you have i'll show you guys this in front of me you guys have

here is you guys see over here here is the beach

so instead of learning just the word beach you can learn this beach this beach is beautiful

so you learn this beach is beautiful instead of just learning one specific word the beach

so when you're watching my vlogs

and i show you a word try to attach it to a phrase and not just learn one word.

So I'll show you guys another.

Here there's some boats and there's some yachts.

So instead of just thinking about the boat or the yacht, you think about, oh, yachts are expensive.

So you learn a whole phrase instead of learning individual words.

That's number one.

That's the number one tip of how not to translate in your head learn complete phrases

or another example maybe you see a restaurant

so you see a restaurant in front of you

and instead of you can think restaurant in english in your head

but you could also think i'm hungry so restaurant i'm hungry

so attach phrases to words

that you learn in english for another another great example say

you want to learn the word understand don't just learn the word understand learn i don't understand

or i don't understand well so always attach a phrase to any new words

that you learn that is tip number one it's a very good

and useful tip so the tip number two is connect

so right now

when you think in your head let's say you me i speak two languages i speak french

and i speak english

so maybe i have um okay i'll show you guys in front of me

so this here in front of me is a stone wall you guys see the wall is made of stone

so in french i would say say um so instead of saying translating it into french in your head

all you do is see the image this is a stone wall

and that's it you attach the phrase to an image

so i'll give you another example let's say you're learning the

word banana instead of translating it into banana you just picture a banana in your head

so you picture the word that you're learning

or maybe it's more of a complicated word it's not an object like a banana

or a stone wall maybe it's a word like think

so you can attach a question mark to it

so a question mark oh think

or maybe you attach the bubbles you remember you know those cartoons where there's a bubble figure

and he's thinking you attach

that image to the word think not your native language that's another great tip to to learn english

so don't don't attach it to your native language attach it to the actual image of whatever you're learning

so that's tip number two

and the third tip before we learn some more easy english

the third tip is describe what you're doing in English every day

so let's say me right now I'm walking home

so let's say you're by yourself you think in your head I'm walking home

then you see a beautiful car for example in your head you think that's a beautiful car

so when you're doing everyday actions maybe you're cleaning you say oh i'm washing the dishes

and you think in your act in your head so when you're doing everyday activities walking home

going to work cleaning think in english don't think in your native language

if you can if you can do this during two three months where every day

when you wake up in the morning you say oh

i'm tired and you say that in your head or you're brushing your teeth you say oh

it's a busy it's going to be a busy day today

and you think about that in your head so learn simple english phrases

and repeat those phrases in your head daily

so it doesn't need to maybe maybe for the day you

do it maybe imagine for the day you do it 20 times for the day you do it once

when you wake up you do it when you're brushing your teeth

but you have 24 hours in the day so

if you have 24 hours in the day you have enough time to learn specific English phrases

and think about those phrases in your head

that is the third tip very useful English tip

so like i said if you this is your first time watching with me you'll learn english and you'll always get

a beautiful view

so this is your beautiful view for today those boats on the water those boats are called yachts

and here in front of me this is a beautiful garden

and even when you're watching my vlogs you can think in english in your head also

so you can think oh teacher troy just passed a beautiful garden

or teacher troy is looking at some at the ocean so

that is a great those are the three great english tips

so let's review those three english tips quickly the first one the first one is learn phrases

and not single words so don't write down apple banana orange or

statue don't write down a statue

when you learn the word statue think this statue is beautiful learn a phrase with the word

that you learn or this statue is it was gray look it's a gray statue you

so learn a whole phrase instead of just one vocabulary word

when you're learning new words

that was tip number one tip number two tip number two was um oh yeah connect

when you learn a new word in english don't connect it to your native language

so if you speak portuguese

and you learn the word banana don't attach it to the word banana

if you're watching and you're from brazil i don't know the word for banana in portuguese

so leave it in the comments below so i can learn some portuguese

so if you're learning this don't attach it to the portuguese word

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or let's say you're watching from uh i don't know some

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you're watching from morocco don't attach it to a french word

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or let's say you're watching from china don't attach it to a man a mandarin word

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or a Cantonese word attach it to an image

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so here in front of me we have a beautiful entrance you guys see

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that there's a beautiful entrance here and there's two pots pots with flower pots

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so instead of you learn the word entrance say you can learn

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that entrance looks beautiful so you attach a whole phrase with it

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or you just learn the word entrance

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and you picture a beautiful entrance in your head

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so don't attach it to the word attach it to a picture

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or an image in your head and that's how you can stop translating into English

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or translating from your native language into English

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and the last one is think in English remember the third one is think in English so

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when you're going about your day think in English

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when you wake up you say I feel good today in your head

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or i feel tired today in your head

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or i'm hungry i need to grab some breakfast in your head

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so make sure you use whatever you're doing every day and think in your head

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all right so let's do some walking

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and some learning here you guys see this in front of me these buildings these buildings are called townhouses

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and townhouses are when two things

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when buildings are attached you see how they're all attached there's one two three four buildings

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so when they're all attached like that they're called townhouses very useful english word townhouses

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oh and then here look i'll show you guys in front of me there is a lion

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but the lion has a shield you guys see

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that it's a shield great english word there shield

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and oh here there's a window everybody knows window

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but what are these two things here these two things they're called the shutters

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so you use shutters to block out the light

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or block out the sun in the morning time you close the shutters

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and light can't get into your room so very useful word shutters

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but I'm gonna keep walking down this way

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and I'll teach you guys some more English in a little bit all right

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so I walked a little bit I maybe walked for five

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minutes now let's learn three more english tips to stop translating in your head

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and before we teach you these tips it's very important not to translate in your head

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because when you translate hold on let's say you're a beginner

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if you're a beginner level a1 a2 you can't yet have

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full conversations in your head yes you need to translate you need to translate words

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that you don't know but this is more for people who are at a b1

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or b2 level of english

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so you can have basic conversations you can say hello how are you

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and have basic conversations but you're blocked because something slows down

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because it slows you down when you're translating in your head

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so if you're at this point where you understand everything

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that i'm saying you understand basic english conversations and so

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if you understand basic english conversations you understand everything

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that i'm saying then this is for you to stop translating in your head

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because this is the the the next level of english for

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you to really be able to have great conversations you need to stop translating in your head

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so if you're a beginner yes you need to translate a little bit

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but if you're more of an intermediate level you need to stop translating in your head

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so how do you stop translating in your head let me

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give you those three tips now the first one is very simple use english you already know

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so if you're at an intermediate level

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or you're maybe at an almost intermediate level you know already a lot of english words

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so when you're going about your day use english words

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that you already know don't try to get too fancy

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or too complicated use english words that you already know

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so let me give you an example um instead of the

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weather is absolutely incredible you just say the weather is nice

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or instead of saying exhausted you just say i'm tired

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so try to keep your english simple or

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if you say i'm instead of trying to remember i'm starving

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that means i'm hungry very hungry you just say i'm hungry

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use the english words you already know the second one is very important don't translate

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every new word you don't know

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so let me give you an example um what's here uh

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all right yeah here we got in front of us there

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you guys see on the top there there's a roof but on the roof

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those orange type things they're called shingles they're called shingles

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so maybe you don't know this word shingles don't look go to google translate

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and type in shingles and then look at the portuguese word

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if you speak portuguese or if

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if you look at the word shingles you don't look at the chinese word

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or mandarin word if you speak chinese remember the image of the shingle in your head very important

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or try to describe it and in another way an english way so

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it was the thing that's on top of a roof that's a shingle so instead of attaching it to

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your native language you attach it to um your own definition of the new thing

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so i'll give you another example here it's called a look you guys see this here it's a pole

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but you guys see at the top there there's something

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that catches the water so that what catches the water that's called a gutter

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so instead of looking up what gutter means

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and the opposite you say okay those things

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that are on the roofs of houses that catch water those are called gutters

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so you attach it to a definition an english definition instead of translating it into your into your native language

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that is a very useful english tip and the next one

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the next one is oh oh sorry oh hold on I have to get these my notes out sorry

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so the next one is very good one the sixth one repeat everyday phrases until they become automatic

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so everyday phrases I have a lot of different English phrases videos

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so go watch my English phrases video and write down two

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or three great English phrases I'll give you some examples

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so you can have I don't know instead of always saying

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in French the second language as je ne sais pas you

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just say I don't know in English all the time every

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time you need to say I don't know you say I

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don't know in English instead of je ne sais pas in french

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or if you have another simple phrase like i think

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so je pense que that's what you would say in french

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instead of saying it in french say it in english so everyday phrases like i think so

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what do you mean or give me a second or that makes sense repeat those everyday phrases

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in english daily

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so what every time you don't know something you say i don't know in english not your native language

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and you can say all these things in your own head

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because you don't yes speaking is very important yes speaking is very important

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but also your inner monologue so inner monologue is how you think in your head

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that is also very important

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so what this video is designed to help you guys with is to help you with your inner monologue

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so when you're speaking english you can think in your head in your inner monologue

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so when you don't know something in your head think i don't know

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when you want to have

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when you want someone to wait for you give me a

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second in your head think of all these simple english phrases in your head and repeat them daily

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we're trying to build your inner monologue so very useful english tip

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so i'll show you guys in front of me i just

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oh behind me was the beach a lot of beach with the water

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and here in front of me is called old antiv

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so it's like downtown antiv um there you go

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so like i said before you see there's a restaurant here

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so when you see a restaurant you think i'm hungry or i need to eat have that

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inner monologue

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or you can say oh the restaurant is very empty there's not a lot of people in the restaurant

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so when you're walking in your everyday life think in english very useful

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and oh in front of me here there's a baby being pushed in a stroller

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so that's a very good english word there baby and stroller

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and what else do we got here here oh i'll show

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you guys in front of me you guys see here i'm

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about to walk through something this here is called a tunnel then a tunnel is just a there's a wall

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and there's a tunnel in the wall and you can walk through it

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so that's what i'm going to do now walk through this tunnel

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and that takes me to the other side where the port is the boat port

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i'm gonna cross the road here quickly but all right

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as you guys see here it looks kind of not it's

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not very organized you guys see there's a lot of this stuff everywhere you see

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that there's like it's not really nice it's not really organized

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and oh it's it smells like fish it smells like fish you guys know what

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that fish smells like that's what it smells like right now fish oh

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and there's some fish here in the water i don't know

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if you guys will be able to see the fish in the water can you guys see the fish

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oh yeah you guys can see the fish

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and those fish are swimming in the water they're swimming under the water

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so fish swim under the water usually okay oh hold on

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one second i got an english quiz for you guys we talked about it earlier there was those lions

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and they were holding something what was they called i'll show you guys here

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so you guys can have another this lady

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or this this guy what's he holding statue you what is

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it i'll give you guys five four three two one it is a shield

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and that was one of the first one of the english words we learned today

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so i already gave you guys six english tips to stop to start thinking in english

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and stop thinking and translating into your native language

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so let me guys let me give you guys the next

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three i'll hold on one second here i'll show you guys

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here these here are called um um containers you guys see these these are called containers

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and things can go inside the containers usually they have shipping containers that's what they're called shipping containers

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and usually you put them on boats

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so those behind me there those are called shipping containers and here in front of me

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there are some electric bikes but that's a very easy english word

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so let's dive a little deeper so these here these are called wheels

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and in the wheels there's called the spokes those metal bars they're called spokes

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and and here there right here where is it there that's called the pedal

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and that's how you move on the actual bike itself

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so those are some useful english words there we had wheel spokes

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and pedal all on the electric bike very useful english words

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all right so i'm going to continue walking home

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and i'll see you guys in a little bit

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and teach you the next three english tips to not think to to start thinking in english

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and stop translating from your native language all right

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so we got the next three tips

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but before we go through the next three tips

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that behind me there you guys see that that's called a ferris wheel

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so remember don't translate it into your native language you have

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ferris wheel now new word ferris wheel you attach this image

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the ferris wheel behind me to the word ferris wheel so

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when you're thinking in your head oh what was

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that word teacher troy you picture a ferris wheel you don't

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picture your native language no no no this is for the people who want to pass past

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that intermediate level

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and get to the advanced level you need to stop thinking in your native language all right

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so the next tip for today is very simple very easy listen to easy english every day

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so some a lot of people have been putting in the

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comments they've been listening to my vlogs every day this is a very good thing

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but maybe you need to add something else

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so maybe you need to listen to my vlogs

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and you also need to listen to music let me guys

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give you a quick story of how i learned french so

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when i was learning french there was a point i where

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i i listened to music right everybody listens to music there was a point for maybe six months

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or so where i only listened to french music

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if i put music in my ears it was only french

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i didn't listen to one english song for six months this

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is the type of dramatic changes it's not really dramatic

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because it's just listening to music

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and english music is some of the best music in the world

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so and you guys are listening to the vlog

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so you guys want to learn english stop if you're

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if you're brazilian a lot of people who watch from brazil

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if you're from india stop listening to indian music for a

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while maybe six months four months or you're from brazil stop listening to portuguese music

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or maybe you're from mexico stop listening to spanish music

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or maybe you're from france where i live stop listening to

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french music for four to six months only listen to english music

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when you get in your car

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and you drive somewhere english music maybe you like to work out

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and you like to listen to music english music maybe you like to clean

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and when you're cleaning you listen to music only English music

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that is another great way to stop translating in your head

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listen to the English music only for a long period of time whoa this guy coming a little close

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whoa he's a little close eh that there is a seagull

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and the seagull is look what he's what is he doing

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he's trying to eat it's plastic it's not food man it's plastic you can't eat

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that bro anyways let's go back to learning some english all right

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so the next one is very simple we kind of covered it today

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but talk to yourself in english so like i explained

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when you're going for your day everyday life when you're walking home like me

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and you're thinking in

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and you're just thinking in your brain think in English don't

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think in your native language this we need to start building your inner monologue your inner English monologue

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so talk to yourself in English

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when you're maybe you're um brainstorming very good English word brainstorming is

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when you come up with different ideas so you can brainstorm different ideas

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and remember what i said attach brainstorm that's a new word

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that we learned today attach that to an image

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so maybe you have an image of a brain in your head

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and it's thinking the brain is thinking that's the image you attach to brainstorming because that's what it is so

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that is the next tip hold on i'm i'm having a

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i'm having a brain fart another good english a brain fart is when you forget so what

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oh hold on one sec yo my phone is is i had all the notes down written down here and

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oh yes here it is um talk to yourself in english

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that was that next point sorry about

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that wait guys my phone was bugging out so don't wait the next one is don't wait for the perfect translation

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this is a very very good um way to stop thinking in your to stop translating in your head

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so let's say you're trying to remember the word umbrella umbrella umbrella helps you

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when you're when it's raining outside it protects you from the rain

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and you can't remember the word you're you're speaking to someone

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and you can't remember umbrella just describe the thing you can't remember

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so you say oh i don't remember what it is you know the thing

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that you that you have when it's raining and you describe it

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that you describe what you're missing the the vocabulary word

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that you're missing you describe it so you know the thing

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that you use when it's raining and the person will say your umbrella

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and you say oh yeah umbrella so

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when you can't remember don't wait for the perfect translation just explain what you're thinking

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so another example maybe you can't remember what a pharmacy is

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so what's the word for pharmacy you know the place where you buy medicine so you You can't remember pharmacy,

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so you say, okay, the place where you buy medicine.

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You know the place, and you're going to say, oh, the pharmacy?

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And you say, yeah, the pharmacy.

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I got to go to the pharmacy.

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Or maybe you can't remember the word neighbor.

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Neighbor is the person who lives next to you.

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So you're talking to someone, and you say, ah, I can't remember neighbor.

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Oh, the person who lives next to me, they're very noisy.

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You didn't even need to say neighbor.

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And then you can ask the person, too what is

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that what is that word of the the person

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that lives next to you neighbor boom

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and then you have you will be able to remember and

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and be able to describe what's happening or whatever you're thinking easier

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because you you don't need the actual vocabulary word you can describe what it is

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so don't wait for the perfect translation just describe whatever it

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is you forgot describe it that's another way great way and we have one more english tip for today

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the last one is oh very good one very good last

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point is give your brain time learning a new language it's not difficult

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but it's not easy it just takes patience

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so maybe you've been learning english for eight months

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and you're like oh my god teacher troy i've been learning english for eight months

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and i still don't understand everything you say i understand most

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but i don't understand everything and it's frustrating just remember learning a new language takes time it takes patience so

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so just remember that learning a new language takes time so

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if you do all these things

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that i mentioned let me go through all the things the 10 i'll give you guys 10 tips today

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so you guys can stop translating in your head

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and this is a this this video is a is a great video

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so if you could understand

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or apply all these 10 tips you will stop translating in

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your head in in four months five months time easily easily all right so the number one learn phrases not single words

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Don't learn the word hungry.

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Learn, I'm hungry.

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I want to eat.

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Learn the whole phrase.

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Second, connect English directly to pictures.

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So don't connect new words to your native language.

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Connect it to a picture or an image.

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The third one is describe what you're doing in English every day.

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So when you're brushing your teeth, say, I'm brushing my teeth.

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When you're getting up in the morning you say i'm getting up i'm tired

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or i feel great today

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or i feel great today i'm gonna watch teacher troyes video third one is

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or fourth one use english you already know

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don't make it too complicated use english you already know next is don't translate every single word you don't know

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so when you learn a new word don't go to google translate and translate it from English into your new word.

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Try to describe what it is.

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So describe whatever it is and attach your description to the new word or your image to the new word.

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Next tip is repeat everyday phrases until they become automatic.

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So everyday phrases are I don't know, I think so, what do you mean?

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give me a second or that makes sense those are easy everyday phrases

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and repeat them daily every day repeat them in your head

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to people repeat them daily next is talk to yourself in english you know those times

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when you're driving home and you're talking to yourself

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or maybe you're walking home

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and you're talking to yourself talk to yourself in english don't

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talk in your native language we're trying to learn english as fast as possible right

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so when you're walking home

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or you're working out talk to yourself in english what's a good example of

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that let's say you're working out in the gym

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and something's very heavy in my the other language i speak

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it heavy is lourd in french c 'est très lourd don't

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think it's très lourd dans ton tête in your head you say it's very heavy

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when you're working out or this workout is easy

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or this workout is very difficult think and speak to yourself in english very very important point that one

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so i need you guys to to really follow

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that one the next one is don't wait for the perfect

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translation very good one member guys don't wait for the perfect translation

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if you forget the word umbrella don't sit there

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and be like uh what's

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that word uh i don't know no you say what's umbrella i don't remember you know

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that thing that you have when it's raining

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or when it rains what do you have what is it describe what it is you forgot

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and the last one is simple give your brain time learning

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a new language learning english it's difficult it can be difficult

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but it takes patience takes patience

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so those are the oh hold on one second there's some

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great english words in front of me oh this guy's this guy's playing some some hey

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walk around the metal detectors you guys saw the uh the

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handicapped guy it's that's what you call the person who can't walk they're called they're handicapped

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and he was playing some good music he was playing i'm lean back by fat joe i love

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that song anyways i was going to teach you guys some english before we go all right

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so in front of me we have what is this called

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we had it already next quiz question five four three two one it is a palm tree

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and the palm tree has wooden beams yeah see these these there they're called wooden beams they have wooden beams

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that are holding the palm tree in place you guys see

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the wooden beams there they're holding the palm tree in place

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so i'm not sure why they have the wooden beams

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but yeah these wooden beams are here to hold the different palm trees in place so

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that was great english words to end off the vlog thank

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you guys for watching the vlog um please subscribe we're at

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15 000 subscribers we're going we just it feels like we

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just got to 10 000 subscribers it feels like it was like a week ago

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or two weeks ago and we're almost at 15 000

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so thank you guys for subscribing please like the video like the video and i'll see you guys next time peace

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このB1レベルのスピーキングレッスンは、動画「How to Think in English」を教材にしています。繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：english, word, learn, tip, phrase。この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が440文、単語が5295語あります。音声の長さは34:52です。話す速さは1分あたり約152語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。単語の87%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれるため、語彙は分かりやすいです。

この動画の重要語彙

動画の中で特に難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語	発音	意味
translate 動詞	/tɹænzˈleɪt/	訳す, 翻訳する
phrase 名詞	/ˈfɹeɪ̯z/	句, 語句
attach 動詞	/əˈtæt͡ʃ/	付ける, 添付する
monologue 名詞	/ˈmɑnəˌlɔɡ/	独白, 独話
umbrella 名詞	/ʌmˈbɹɛl.ə/	傘, 蝙蝠傘
banana 名詞	/bəˈnænə/	バナナ, 甘蕉
statue 名詞	/ˈstæt͡ʃu/	像, 彫像
wooden 形容詞	/ˈwʊdn̩/	木製
pharmacy 名詞	/ˈfɑɹməsi/	薬局, 薬屋
container 名詞	/kənˈteɪ.nəɹ/	容器
beam 名詞	/ˈbiːm/	梁, 桁
palm 名詞	/pɑm/	手のひら, 掌
shingles 名詞	/ˈʃɪŋɡəlz/	帯状疱疹
neighbour 名詞	/ˈneɪbɚ/	隣人, 隣の人
shutter 名詞	/ˈʃʌtəː/	雨戸

動画に出てくる句動詞

単語	発音	意味
write down 動詞		書き留める, 記す
wake up 動詞	/ˌweɪk ˈʌp/	目覚める, 目を覚ます
get up 動詞		起きる
look up 動詞	/ˌlʊk ˈʌp/	見上げる
slow down 動詞		遅らせる

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
現在完了進行形 have/has been + -ing — 以前に始まり今も続いている動作	have been putting · they've been listening · you've been learning
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	is made · are called · are attached
関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える	people who are · people who want · people who watch
動詞 + -ing enjoy, keep, stop… + -ing — 後ろに-ing形が続く動詞	stop translating · keep walking · start thinking

注意したい発音

話し手はyou're, don't, I'mなど、短縮形や弱形を224回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

「sh」と「zh」の音: shingles /ˈʃɪŋɡəlz/, shutter /ˈʃʌtəː/, patience /ˈpeɪ̯.ʃəns/, brush /bɹʌʃ/, shield /ˈʃild/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: vocabulary /vəˈkæb.jə.lə.ɹi/, intermediate /ɪn.tə(ɹ)ˈmi.di.ət/, comprehensible /kɒmpɹəˈhɛnsɪbəl/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

/r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: translate /tɹænzˈleɪt/, umbrella /ʌmˈbɹɛl.ə/, vocabulary /vəˈkæb.jə.lə.ɹi/, stroller /ˈstɹoʊlɚ/, comprehensible /kɒmpɹəˈhɛnsɪbəl/
/v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: vlog /ˈvlɑɡ/, vocabulary /vəˈkæb.jə.lə.ɹi/, starve /stɑɹv/, dive /daɪv/
/f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: phrase /ˈfɹeɪ̯z/, pharmacy /ˈfɑɹməsi/, frustrate /ˈfɹʌsˌtɹeɪt/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。translate, phrase, attachなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: How to Think in English (Stop Translating in Your Head) - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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