シャドーイング練習: [TED - Vietsub] Cách giữ bình tĩnh trước áp lực - Daniel Levitin - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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Reviewer Gopalco A few years ago,

I broke into my own house.

I had just driven home, it was around midnight in the dead of Montreal winter, I'd been visiting my friend Jeff across town,

and the thermometer on the front porch read minus 40 degrees.

And don't bother asking if that's Celsius or Fahrenheit, minus 40 is where the two scales meet.

It was very cold.

And as I stood on the front porch fumbling in my pockets, I found I didn't have my keys.

In fact, I could see them through the window, lying on the dining room table where I had left them, so I quickly ran around and tried all the other doors and windows, and they were locked tight.

I thought about calling a locksmith.

At least I had my cell phone, but at midnight, it could take a while for a locksmith to show up and it was cold.

I couldn't go back to my friend Jeff's house for the night

because I had an early flight to Europe the next morning and I needed to get my passport and my suitcase.

So, desperate and freezing cold, I found a large rock and I broke through the basement window, cleared out the shards of glass,

I crawled through, I found a piece of cardboard and taped it up over the opening,

figuring that in the morning on the way to the airport I could call my contractor and ask him to fix it.

This was going to be expensive, but probably no more expensive than a middle-of-the-night locksmith, so I figured under the circumstances, I was coming out even.

Now, I'm a neuroscientist by training, and I know a little bit about how the brain performs under stress.

It releases cortisol, that raises your heart rate, it modulates adrenaline levels, and it clouds your thinking.

So the next morning, when I woke up, on too little sleep, worrying about the hole in the window

and the mental note that I had to call my contractor

and the freezing temperatures and the meetings I had upcoming in Europe, and, you know, with all the cortisol in my brain,

my thinking was cloudy, but I didn't know it was cloudy because my thinking was cloudy.

And it wasn't until I got to the airport check-in counter that I realized I didn't have my passport.

So I raced home in the snow and ice, 40 minutes, got my passport, raced back to the airport.

I made it just in time, but they had given away my seat to someone else, so I got stuck in the back of the plane next to the bathrooms, in a seat that wouldn't recline on an eight-hour flight.

Well, I had a lot of time to think during those eight hours of no sleep.

And I started wondering, are there things that I can do, systems that I can put into place that will prevent bad things from happening.

Or, at least if bad things happen, will minimize the likelihood of it being a total catastrophe.

So I started thinking about that, but my thoughts didn't crystallize until about a month later.

I was having dinner with my colleague Danny Kahneman, the Nobel Prize winner, and I somewhat embarrassedly told him about having broken my window and, you know, forgotten my passport.

And Danny shared with me that he'd been practicing something called prospective hindsight.

It's something that he had gotten from the psychologist Gary Klein, who had written about it a few years before, also called the premortem.

Now, you all know what the postmortem is.

Whenever there's a disaster, a team of experts come in and they try to figure out what went wrong, right?

Well, in the premortem, Danny explained, you look ahead and you try to figure out all the things that could go wrong,

and then you try to figure out what you can do to prevent those things from happening or to minimize the damage.

So what I want to talk to you about today are

some of the things we can do in the form of a premortem.

Some of them are obvious, some of them are not so obvious.

I'll start with the obvious ones.

Around the home, designate a place for things that are easily lost.

Now, this sounds like common sense, and it is, but there's a lot of science to back this up, based on the way our spatial memory works.

There's a structure in the brain called the hippocampus

that evolved over tens of thousands of years to keep track of the locations of important things, where the well is, where fish can be found,

that stand of fruit trees, where the friendly and enemy tribes live.

The hippocampus is the part of the brain that, in London, taxicab drivers, becomes enlarged.

It's the part of the brain that allows squirrels to find their nuts.

And if you're wondering, somebody actually did the experiment where they cut off the olfactory sense of the squirrels, and they could still find their nuts.

They weren't using smell, they were using the hippocampus, this exquisitely evolved mechanism in the brain for finding things.

But it's really good for things that don't move around much, not so good for things that move around.

So this is why we lose car keys and reading glasses and passports.

So in the home, designate a spot for your keys, a hook by the door, maybe a decorative bowl, for your passport,

a particular drawer, for your reading glasses, a particular table.

If you designate a spot and you're scrupulous about it, your things will always be there when you look for them.

What about travel?

Take a cell phone picture of your credit cards, your driver's license, your passport, mail it to yourself so it's in the cloud.

If these things are lost or stolen, you can facilitate replacement.

Now, these are some rather obvious things.

Remember, when you're under stress, the brain releases cortisol.

Cortisol is toxic and it causes cloudy thinking.

So part of the practice of the premortem is to recognize that under stress, you're not going to be at your best, and you should put systems in place.

And there's perhaps no more stressful a situation than when you're confronted with a medical decision to make.

And at some point, all of us are going to be in

that position where we have to make a very important decision about the future of our medical care

or that of a loved one to help them with the decision.

And so I want to talk about that, and I'm going to talk about a very particular medical condition.

But this stands as a proxy for all kinds of medical decision-making, and indeed for financial decision-making and social decision-making,

any kind of decision you have to make that would benefit from a rational assessment of the facts.

So, suppose you go to your doctor and the doctor says, I just got your lab work back.

Your cholesterol is a little high." Now, you all know that high cholesterol is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease,

heart attacks, stroke.

And so you're thinking having high cholesterol isn't the best thing.

And so the doctor says, you know, I'd like to give you a drug that'll help you lower your cholesterol, a statin.

And you've probably heard of statins.

You know that they're among the most widely prescribed drugs in the world today.

You probably even know people who take them.

and you're thinking, yeah, give me the statin.

But there's a question you should ask at this point, a statistic you should ask for, that most doctors don't like talking about,

and pharmaceutical companies like talking about even less.

It's for the number needed to treat.

Now, what is this, the NNT?

It's the number of people that need to take a drug

or undergo a surgery or any medical procedure before one person is helped.

And you're thinking, what kind of crazy statistic is that?

The number should be one.

My doctor wouldn't prescribe something to me if it's not going to help.

But actually, medical practice doesn't work that way.

And it's not the doctor's fault.

If it's anybody's fault, it's the fault of scientists like me.

We haven't figured out the underlying mechanisms well enough.

But GlaxoSmithKline estimates that 90 percent of the drugs work in only 30 to 50 percent of the people.

So the number needed to treat for the most widely prescribed statin, what do you suppose it is?

How many people have to take it before one person's helped?

Three hundred.

This is according to research by research practitioners Jerome Gruppen and Pamela Hartzband, independently confirmed by Bloomberg.com.

I ran through the numbers myself.

Three hundred people have to take the drug for a year before one heart attack, stroke or other adverse event is prevented.

Now, you're probably thinking, well, OK, one in three hundred chance of lowering my cholesterol.

Why not, doc?

100

Give me the prescription anyway.

101

But you should ask at this point for another statistic, and that is, tell me about the side effects, right?

102

So for this particular drug, the side effects occur in 5 percent of the patients.

103

And they include terrible things, debilitating muscle and joint pain, gastrointestinal distress.

104

But now you're thinking, well, 5 percent, not very likely it's going to happen to me, I'll still take the drug.

105

But wait a minute.

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Remember, under stress, we're not thinking clearly, so think about how you're going to work through this ahead of time to manufacture the chain of reasoning on the spot.

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Three hundred people take the drug, right?

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One person's helped.

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Five percent of those three hundred have side effects.

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That's fifteen people.

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You're fifteen times more likely to be harmed by the drug than you are to be helped by the drug.

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Now, I'm not saying whether you should take the statin or not.

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I'm just saying you should have this conversation with your doctor.

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Medical ethics requires it.

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It's part of the principle of informed consent.

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You have the right to have access to this kind of information

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to begin the conversation about whether you want to take the risks or not.

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Now, you might be thinking, I've pulled this number out of the air for shock value.

119

it's rather typical, this number needed to treat.

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For the most widely performed surgery on men over the age of 50, removal of the prostate for cancer, the number needed to treat is 49.

121

That's right, 49 surgeries are done for every one person who's helped.

122

And the side effects in that case occur in 50% of the patients.

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They include impotence, erectile dysfunction, urinary incontinence, rectal tearing, fecal incontinence.

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And if you're lucky, and you're one of the 50 percent who has these, they'll only last for a year or two.

125

So, the idea of the premortem is to think ahead of time to the questions

126

that you might be able to ask that will push the conversation forward.

127

You don't want to have to manufacture all of this on the spot.

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And you also want to think about things like quality of life, because you have a choice oftentimes.

129

Do I want a shorter life that's pain-free, or a longer life that might have a great deal of pain towards the end?

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These are things to talk about and think about now with your family and your loved ones.

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You might change your mind in the heat of the moment, but at least you're practiced with this kind of thinking.

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Remember, our brain, under stress, releases cortisol.

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And one of the things that happens at that moment is a whole bunch of systems shut down.

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There's an evolutionary reason for this.

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Face to face with a predator, you don't need your digestive system or your libido or your immune system,

136

Because if your body is expending metabolism on those things and you don't react quickly, you might become the lion's lunch, and then none of those things matter.

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Unfortunately, one of the things that goes out the window during those times of stress is rational, logical thinking, as Danny Kahneman and his colleagues have shown.

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So we need to train ourselves to think ahead to these kinds of situations.

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I think the important point here is recognizing that all of us are flawed.

140

We all are going to fail now and then.

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The idea is to think ahead to what those failures might be, to put systems in place that will help minimize the damage,

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or to prevent the bad things from happening in the first place.

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Getting back to that snowy night in Montreal, when I got back from my trip, I had my contractor install a combination lock next to the door with a key to the front door in it,

144

an easy-to-remember combination.

145

And I have to admit, I still have piles of mail that haven't been sorted and piles of emails that I haven't gone through.

146

So I'm not completely organized, but I see organization as a gradual process, and I'm getting there.

147

Thank you very much.

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このC1レベルのスピーキングレッスンは、動画「[TED - Vietsub] Cách giữ bình tĩnh trước áp lực - Daniel Levitin」を教材にしています。この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が147文、単語が2215語あります。音声の長さは12:15です。話す速さは速く、1分あたり約181語です。音のつながりや弱く発音される音が多くなります。単語の83%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。

この動画の重要語彙

動画の中で特に難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語	発音	意味
passport 名詞	/ˈpæspɔɹt/	パスポート, 旅券
cholesterol 名詞	/kəˈlɛstəɹɒl/	コレステロール
cloudy 形容詞	/ˈklaʊ̯diː/	曇りの
designate 動詞	/ˈdɛz.ɪɡ.neɪt/	示す
hippocampus 名詞	/ˌhɪpə(ʊ)ˈkæm.pəs/	海馬
locksmith 名詞	/ˈlɑksmɪθ/	錠前屋
prescribe 動詞	/pɹɪˈskɹaɪb/	処方する
minimize 動詞	/ˈmɪn.ɪˌmaɪz/	最小化する
squirrel 名詞	/ˈskwɪ.ɹ(ə)l/	栗鼠, リス
porch 名詞	/pɔɹt͡ʃ/	ポーチ, 玄関
colleague 名詞	/ˈkɒliːɡ/	同僚, 同業者
minus	/ˈmaɪ.nəs/	引く
rational 形容詞	/ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/	合理的
debilitate 動詞	/dəˈbɪləteɪt/	弱化する
enlarge 動詞	/ɪnˈlɑɹd͡ʒ/	拡大する

動画に出てくる句動詞

単語	発音	意味
come out 動詞	/ˌkʌm ˈaʊt/	出る
cut off 動詞	/ˌkʌt ˈɔf/ [ˌkɐɾ ˈɔf]	断つ
go out 動詞		出る
show up 動詞		現れる
shut down 動詞		シャットダウン

繰り返し練習したい文

動画に出てくる短く完結した文です。日常会話でそのまま使えます。

I'll start with the obvious ones.
Remember, when you're under stress, the brain releases cortisol.
We haven't figured out the underlying mechanisms well enough.

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	were locked · are easily lost · can be found
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	you've probably heard · haven't figured · I've pulled

注意したい発音

話し手はyou're, don't, I'mなど、短縮形や弱形を52回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

「th」の音: locksmith /ˈlɑksmɪθ/, thermometer /θɚˈmɑ.mɪ.tɚ/
「sh」と「zh」の音: rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, dysfunction /dɪsˈfʌŋk.ʃən/, practitioner /pɹækˈtɪʃənəɹ/, spatial /ˈspeɪ.ʃəl/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: cholesterol /kəˈlɛstəɹɒl/, hippocampus /ˌhɪpə(ʊ)ˈkæm.pəs/, debilitate /dəˈbɪləteɪt/, gastrointestinal /ˌɡæstɹoʊɪnˈtɛstɪnəl/, olfactory /ɑlˈfæk.təɹ.i/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。passport, cholesterol, cloudyなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: [TED - Vietsub] Cách giữ bình tĩnh trước áp lực - Daniel Levitin - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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