シャドーイング練習: This Carbon Emissions Video Also Doubles as Economic Development… and That’s Awkward - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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this map changes
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so much the world map sized by carbon emissions this is
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the world map with one change every country's area now matches
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the carbon dioxide it emits each year not the ground it covers watch the
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so we're going to be focused heavily on europe
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and then the u .s and
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that is where well the industrial revolution takes place the first
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80 years of it for most of those 80 years there
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was one country on this map even now in 1830 britain is about three quarters of the world's recorded emissions
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and everything else look at
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that 63 compared to second place france at six that's crazy has only just arrived the shapes
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that have arrived are belgium france and the german states
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and between them they what's interesting about this you know i know
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that we're looking at this from a carbon emission standpoint
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but it's also a development standpoint in these early days you know the more you're emitting the likelier
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that your country is going to be richer powerful
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or it's a it's a weird marriage it's really awkward to talk about
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and we're gonna have to talk about that here
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but certainly in these days your country was better off on average
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if you were if you had more emissions i mean
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that that's just facts hold about a fifth of the total
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the one worth looking at is belgium a country of roughly
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four million people holds about five percent of world emissions because that's interesting that australia popped up for a second there.
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Now, remember, Australia is under the British Empire, so that is a factor in all of this.
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We have Spain, Sweden, Hungary, Austria, Poland.
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Is Poland even around right now?
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Poland shouldn't be around right now, or at least not in the way that we see it today.
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The U .S is only in fifth place.
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I mean, we only got our independence about six decades prior.
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We will be climbing up on this list quite a bit.
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Now, in these days, is there that much carbon emission no there's just not because
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if you think it's a lot now just wait
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but yeah belgium in third place crazy coal fields of wallonia
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industrialized before anywhere else on the continent yep china does not appear yep
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so wallonia a member
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that belgium has broken down into wallonia uh flanders it's a
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it's a frankenstein nation on this map until 1907 germany does not exist currently it is the german states uh
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but germany will be existing right now it's prussia trying to unite everybody that's going to happen in like three
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or four decades japan arrives in 1868
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and india in 1858 gray here is what japan arrives okay
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so you can see a really disgusting map back there uh
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but you can't really tell what the heck is even going on i can kind of make out japan
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and maybe india this is australia new zealand south america why is why is oh france is in french guyana
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that barely counts it's not like the french guyana territory is
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uh has a bunch of carbon emissions right now I think it's just they are included in the whole of France.
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But, yes, also Berlin conference coming up for decades.
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That's when Europe carves out Africa.
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So the map is going to supposed to change.
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I don't think this map is going to do that.
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This looks very much like a modern day map.
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No seven.
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Japan arrives anywhere else on the continent.
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China does not appear on this map until 1907.
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China does not appear until 1907, which they are deep into their century of humiliation.
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In fact, it's only going to get worse because they're going to enter their warlord period.
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Japan arrives in 1868.
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That's crazy.
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So yeah, Japan is just now beginning their whole empire days.
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And okay, we're going to start, you know, hey, look what Europe is doing.
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Copy that homework.
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Just change it up a little bit.
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India in 1858.
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India in 1858.
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Wow.
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But again, India is who, where in, where in terms of the world, they are the British Raj.
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They are under the British crown.
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Gray here does not mean a country emitting nothing.
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It means a country nobody was counting yet.
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Britain really was the largest coal burner on Earth.
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And the British are likelier, likely to probably be managing, maybe, at least just having the data of counting this stuff.
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So that's probably why we did see Australia for a second there
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and why we will see India kind of earlier than some of these other nations, only because maybe, I don't know, I'm just guessing, the British were probably tracking this within their own empire by a wide margin.
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It had coal lying close to the surface and pits
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that flooded as they went deeper and from 1712 it had a steam pump that cleared the water by burning coal.
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The pump wasted most - This is just funny because Turkey came up with, they could have industrialized before everybody else.
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Have you heard that story?
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Their kebab spinner or something like that.
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They were ahead of the game.
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They just didn't realize it.
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Most of what it burned, which mattered less than it sounds
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because the fuel was already lying underneath it there is a
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pattern look at this man the uk just passed up 100
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c 100 million co2 emissions their first place second place france at just 20 of that That's crazy.
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Now, the U .S is going to skyrocket.
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What's going on in the U .S.?
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I think we just finished up or wrapping up the Mexican -American War.
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So we're expanding a bunch of territory.
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We're going to have to fight our own civil war.
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But after that, we're really going to explode.
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Which countries appear on this map.
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Almost every one of them sits on a coal field because industrialization travels along the geology first and across borders second.
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So the map fills in as a scatter of coal basins rather than a wave.
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Britain is down to 62 percent by 1850 and not because Britain burned less.
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Its emissions had almost quadrupled in 50 years, and everybody else had simply started too.
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Five years later,
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the British share drops below half for the first time,
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and by the early 1860s, it has settled below and stays there.
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Bro, this is why we name an entire era of history after the Queen of Britain, the Victorian era, Queen Victoria.
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Like, man, can you imagine how powerful the British Empire was over everybody else?
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Kind of terrifying.
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Man, they really went unchecked for about 200 years there.
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The British Empire was so powerful.
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The story is no longer about one country growing, but about how many countries join it.
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The shape that rises fastest is the United States.
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American coal was no better than British coal.
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There was simply.
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OK, so it's funny.
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We were showing Alaska in the map prior to this, but we didn't.
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We just got Alaska.
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Like all things considered, we just got Alaska from the Russians.
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Funny enough.
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Far more of it under a continent being laid with railway at the same time.
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British emissions kept rising through all of this and roughly doubled again over.
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So now the U .S is going to explode, explode.
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Reconstruction.
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The Civil War is over.
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This is when the U .S is really going.
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Oh, we already have.
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My bad.
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I already missed it.
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My bad.
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Yeah, I mean, you can see they're in second place now, but we're only half behind the UK, whereas like 10 seconds ago in the video, we were 25 % behind.
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So look at the explosion that occurs basically right after the Civil War ends.
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1864, we've got one more year left.
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Coal was no better than British coal.
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There was simply far more of it.
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Again, carbon emissions is one way to look at it, but it is industrialization that's really happening.
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Under a continent being laid with railway at the same time.
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British emissions kept rising through all of this and roughly doubled again over the same 30 years, yet the British share still fell by nearly half.
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It's crazy considering the massive size of Russia right now on the map.
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They're the Russian Empire, and yet they really are not very developed at all.
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So 1871 is an interesting, 1877 is an interesting time to pause on, Only because, in my opinion, the Brits, the Eye of Sauron, who is the British Empire,
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their focus goes from the Russian Empire to now Germany, who is now unified, and Germany, who's also in third place.
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Germany and the Italians basically unify in the middle of Europe right around the same time.
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So the Brits are now extremely concerned about Germany, and they're going to be even more concerned about Germany as their industrialization continues and their carbon emission also increases as well.
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They're no longer worried about Russia i mean look at russia russia is
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so unindustrialized i mean you really really really gonna see just
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how tough the russians really had it um basically up until well i don't know i the 1950s
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that is what it looks like
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when a country stops being the only one doing something by
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1880 the united states holds 23 percent of world emissions against britain's 35
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and the gap is closing every year yep in 1888
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and this is uh again i mean the world knew
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that we were going to catch well maybe not that's kind of crazy to say
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but there are thoughts that france um knew
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that we would catch the british eventually that's why uh
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when they sold louisiana to us you know french louisiana territory um a lot of the world knew
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that or at least hoped that the u .s would eventually surpass britain in power
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because remember even at 1882 i mean the u .s is just this we're still kind of up
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and coming and it is the british
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that in a lot of europeans eyes they are still the
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bad guy the united states passes britain it slips back once
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and from 1890 it holds the top of this map bam officially in 1888
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so crazy um yeah something i'm thinking about is you know industrialization uh ends up making cities massive
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and uh some big ones being uh london
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and new york those are some some huge ones oh canada's enter the list
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so there you go canada again part of the british empire
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but uh but yes
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so no australia without interruption for 116 years the center of the map has crossed the atlantic
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but europe has not shrunk germany france belgium
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and the coal fields of what is now poland are all still growing
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and together they keep europe the largest well poland doesn't exist
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right now it is split between russian territory russian empire territory
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and german empire territory
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but yes emitting region for two more decades at the turn
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of the century the world emits nearly two billion tons a year the united states holds 34 of
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that britain 21 and germany 17
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so the turn of the century 1901 uh certainly at this
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point we are looking very powerful here in the u .s
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i mean geez look at those carbon emissions three countries hold
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about 70 it's ironic again it's it's it's weird to talk about uh
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but they go hand in hand i don't know how to
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say it like the carbon emissions signify huge development that's going on uh compared to the 1700s obviously um
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but we also are gonna have to bring up this subject
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when the rest of the world catches up to europe
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and north america because we're going to see that we're gonna see
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that out of china india brazil uh basically you know everyone
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after world war ii of the map between them europe as a whole is 61 percent of world emissions at
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that point and 50 years later it is 41 look at this
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so germany is about to catch the the uk
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which is a big reason why you know there's a lot of theories
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that world war one was going to happen regardless regardless
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if you kill an austrian habsburg by a serbian nationalist uh there was there was a need
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because there was a rising power versus a already power on top
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that was germany the rising power and the uk power on top fall is not a decline in european emissions, which nearly double over the same period.
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Europe as a whole is 61 percent of world emissions at that point.
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And 50 years later, it is 41.
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The fall is not a decline in European emissions, which nearly double over the same period, but arithmetic.
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Yeah, yeah.
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So the same thing like he was saying.
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OK, so World War One is about to break out.
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First World War shows up as a dip rather.
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So we have less emissions during the war, nearly double over the same.
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Is that who is
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that South Africa okay again I really wonder like are we just is it just
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because well I don't know Britain is probably not only gathering data inside of their empire better
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but you know probably aiding their own colonies to industrialize more than others
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so Berlin conference has already happened you know we've already carved
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up Africa yet you don't see anybody in Africa I mean maybe there's like a dot for Egypt is
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that even is that well maybe maybe not yet maybe
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when the British fully control egypt essentially
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but yeah it's just south africa the whole continent though is basically occupied by european powers period
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but arithmetic the first world war shows up as a dip
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rather than a change of shape emissions fall in its opening year recover
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and fall again at the end of the decade and the shapes
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that shrink are european there it is it's really fast though
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and then it explodes i see the dip slash basically when you're zoomed out like this it's kind of a stagnation, it looks like.
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The First World War shows up.
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Look at where Japan is.
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So Japan is very clearly shown that they are a new power here.
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In 1914, they have the Korean Peninsula, and they have Taiwan.
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And the empire is going to grow even more after World War I when they choose to be on the winning side.
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There's a dip rather than a change of shape.
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Emissions fall in its opening year, recover and fall again at the end of the decade, and the shapes that shrink are european ones
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which grow back within a few years the 1930s are a deeper fall uh yeah
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because great depression um yeah
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so world war one is over um you know europe is in chaos the interwar period between world war one
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and world war two absolute insanity in terms of conflict people underestimate
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that time period
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but we're having a great time in the u .s i
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mean this is the roaring 20s you know the gilded age
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is looking fantastic over here for us that's all going to come crashing down but But look at this.
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Look at how much more we are emitting compared to the second place, the U .K.
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Wall Street crash of 1920.
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Germany's really not that far behind.
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Oh, Germany's in second.
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Wait, was Germany not just in second?
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Germany stayed in second even post -World War I.
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Within a few years.
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That's crazy.
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The 1930s are a deep.
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Oh, OK.
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So U .K catches up.
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The Wall Street.
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Then Germany passes them again.
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The crash of 1929.
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Germany as the Weimar Republic, by the way, they haven't voted in the crazy Austrian man.
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Turns into the Great Depression world emissions dropped by about a quarter in three years
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and the american shape goes from 46 percent of the map to 39 the second world war does something
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so boom great depression so do we see u .s numbers actually um buckle
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and shape goes yes they are going down
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so boom uh black tuesday 1929 stock market crash 46 percent
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of the map my goodness we were up like to 1 .8 is it billion carbon emissions uh
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and then we dropped down to 1 .3 to 39 1
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.2 by 33 we are starting to catch things up a
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little bit things are getting a little bit better the second
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world um i believe fdr franklin roosevelt has taken charge of
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something stranger to the map the american share reaches 55
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so 1938 marks uh we're about to start world war ii
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so the u .s has begun and somewhat climb our way out of the Great Depression.
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But we still we still have a while to go.
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Oh, so here's this bar down here.
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So Europe is still responsible for 47 percent of emissions.
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And in North America, basically carried by the U .S., even though you can kind of see Canada and Mexico.
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We are in 41 place.
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Asia is what's really going to explode by the end of this video.
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Just wait.
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In the last year of the fighting, the highest the United States ever reaches.
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And part of the reason is look at how disproportional is that Trinidad and Tobago, a small island.
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Now, this is who has that?
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Somebody has that right now.
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The German and Japanese industry has stopped running.
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Global emissions.
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Damn, we just totally skipped over World War Two.
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OK, hold on.
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So we're at five global emissions.
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And part of the reason is that.
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And it stagnates for like a year.
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And then that's it.
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What does Germany do?
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In the last year of the fighting, the highest the United States ever reaches.
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And it slows down, but it's still up.
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The reason is that Germany, the British lose.
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And Japanese industry has stopped running.
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Global emissions reach five point eight.
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So 1947, World War II is over.
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Germany's split up, in fact.
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And Japan has been nuked twice.
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The Cold War is basically going on right now.
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But look, the Russians took three minutes into this video to reach, what, fourth place?
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I mean, they weren't there before.
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Yeah, when did they reach fourth place?
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I don't even know.
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But that took them a second.
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Billion tons a year at mid -cent.
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And Russia is supposed to be the second world power, funny enough, which I mean, they are.
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They definitely are at this point.
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But three and the United States alone is 44 percent of that.
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So watch China, not even in the top 10.
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And I paused it perfectly.
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China, 1949.
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What happens?
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China's civil war over.
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The communists have won.
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Get ready for that.
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Get ready for China.
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No country will ever hold that larger share of this map again.
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What comes next is the fastest growth on this map since Britain built the first engine.
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And there it is.
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Do we, I'll be honest, I thought we had to wait a little bit longer than that.
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I had to wait like three seconds.
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And already, once the Chinese Civil War is wrapped up, also another thing that's wrapped up is the Korean conflict in the Korean Peninsula.
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China has helped North Korea sustain itself.
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But now China is in seventh place.
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World emissions past 10 billion.
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Also, another marking, India's got their independence.
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Pakistan's got their independence.
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East Pakistan or Bangladesh is still coming.
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But India is about to explode as well in tons a year in 1964
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and 20 billion 22 years later the first 10 billion had taken two centuries europe
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and japan rebuild through these decades
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and the soviet union industrializes already by the late 60s russia is in second place you know naturally fitting into
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that second world power at speed the american share falls throughout
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while american emissions keep rising
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and by the first oil shock the united states is 29 of the map
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while burning nearly twice what it did in 1950
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The 1970s bring the first pause in this series that no war or depression explains.
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Emissions stop rising for about five years after the oil shocks and then resume.
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Yeah, that oil shock was very real.
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That really hurt the U .S.
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Pretty interesting time if you really look at it.
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You know, dicey time for the Cold War, too, if you are the U .S.
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Because, my goodness, in another world, maybe we lose the Cold War right there if we really continue to economically struggle within the 80s.
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But typically it's the Soviets that really struggled in the 80s economically.
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The pause turns out to have been only a pause.
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The country that redraws the map after that is China, which in 1980 holds about 8 percent of world emissions and sits third behind the United States and Russia.
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Yeah, so Deng Xiaoping takes charge, you know, I think in 76, Mao finally dies and, you know, they try to reform and there's special economic zones that are going on.
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And China is really going to obviously begin their rise.
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It's going to take them, you know, about 30 years here.
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They're really going to see the fruits of their labor in the early 2000s.
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But but it's really it starts here.
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Population of roughly one billion people, Russia and the Republic.
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Look at how much South Korea is emitting more than North Korea.
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Publics around it reach about 11 percent of world emissions over the same period on coal, oil and gas produced inside their own borders.
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That share holds until the Soviet Union ends, then falls by a third within a decade.
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Yeah.
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So 1990 marks Germany's unification.
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We're not going to see we're not going to see anything happen differently with Germany on this map.
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But but yeah, and now we're about to see the the Soviet Union collapse.
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So Ukraine will officially be its own state.
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European emissions peak in 1990 and then fall by two fifths, which is the first sustained decline any region shows on this map.
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German emissions roughly halve over the same stretch and Britain's fall further still.
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Two shapes shrink across these years for different reasons.
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Japan holds about five percent of world emissions for three decades and then falls as its economy stops growing.
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Yes, the 80s were a great time for Japan.
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Japan is like the second biggest economy in the world, and again, for a third time, I just want to say, ironically, this is really strange how like, you know, I know that we're looking at carbon emissions,
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but there is a direct relation to the country kind of developing, economically speaking, as well, so it's like, it's weird to look at this map and be like,
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hey, carbon emissions are good.
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But it does pull a lot of countries out of poverty, you know what I mean?
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I mean, there's no doubt about that.
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So that's the ironic part.
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Now, we can look at it now, now that we are seeing more industrialization around the world, and we can be like, okay, we probably should stop doing this.
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But yes, the 80s were a great time for Japan as the Japanese economy almost, it looks like, it's projected to pass up the U .S.
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People freak out, but the bubble is burst in the 90s, and Japan doesn't recover from that and Britain's fall further still.
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Two shapes shrink across these years for different reasons.
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Japan holds about 5 % of world emissions for three decades and then falls as its economy.
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Yeah, but the rising tiger, the Chinese giant, has been awoken.
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And as Japan stagnates, China comes in and just sucks all that power up.
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The economy stops growing, while Germany falls because its industry moves and its power stations change fuel.
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What China builds over the following 20 years is the physical
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economy of a country of 1 .4 billion people in steel, cement.
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So, I mean, at this point, you know, it's not all purely you can you don't.
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Yeah.
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Carbon emissions does not equate to straight power.
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I would say that, you know, we could see U .S.
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emissions fall certainly.
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But that doesn't necessarily mean that the U .S is weaker by any means.
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You know, there's going to be new options now roads, apartment blocks, and power stations at a rate no country had managed before.
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And China has passed this up in 2006.
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2008 marks, I think, the world's awakening to how powerful China has actually gotten because people have slept on China for, geez, centuries, you could argue.
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They've just literally slept on China.
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And China is back, baby, once those Olympics are held in Beijing.
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In 2006, China passes the United States, where the American overtaking of Britain took two attempts
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and a decade of near parity this one happens once
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and never reverses yeah i mean china's got insane people like way more population um and
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that certainly is a factor here oh look at saudi arabia
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in 10th place big oil producer obviously these emissions grow eight times over across
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that stretch most of it inside 20 years between 2000
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and 2020 china adds more annual emissions than the united states produces in a year
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which is the fastest any country has ever been added to this map Africa is the shape that is not there.
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Jeez, that's crazy.
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That's a very good point.
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Like, you can still, like, recognize Latin America.
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Funny enough, Mexico is easily the most recognizable.
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Mexico obviously benefits.
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Well, I don't know.
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We're looking at carbon emission.
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But Mexico, well, I guess, yeah, I mean, Mexico benefits in terms of this development being proximity closer to the U .S.
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Also, the U .S is going to move a lot of their manufacturing to Mexico as we continue onward.
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The continent holds about 18%.
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Yeah, Africa, nothing.
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18 % of the world's people and 4 % of its emissions, which on this map is the difference between a landmass and a thin band along two coasts.
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Nothing else on the map is that far out of proportion to its population.
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Three countries you would probably not have named are now above Britain.
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Indonesia, Turkey, and South Korea each emit more carbon dioxide than the country this map started with.
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And none of them is in the conversation about who is responsible.
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You know, and this is an interesting thing.
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So if you come from the US, you're like carbon emission bad, carbon emission bad.
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And you're up to as well.
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But I hear from a lot of these countries.
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It's like you did it.
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So why can't we do it?
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We want to see economic development.
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We want to see our country become rich and prosperous.
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So what about us?
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You know what I mean?
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I see specifically I see that argument made by Brazilians all the time as well.
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So that is an interesting argument.
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You know what I mean?
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Yeah.
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A lot of Westerners are like, how dare you?
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You know, all these countries that are continuing to uh yeah the carbon emission thing
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but their argument is like well you did it
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and now it's just our turn
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so for it the third shape on the map now is india
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which passed russia in 2009
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and holds about eight percent of world emissions today on a
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population slightly larger than china's two shapes here are far larger
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than their populations would suggest yeah i mean india's got a long way to go
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because yeah like you said india india's probably going continue to rise for a
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while um and india yeah india's got more population like he said saudi arabia has fewer people than germany
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and emits more than germany does and iran emits more than britain
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and saudi arabia massive energy producer france put together about 37
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billion tons of carbon dioxide now go into the air each year 63 from just the asia continent
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which you know asia's massive place biggest continent in the world lots of people live there
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so i this is probably just more accurate it's it's because
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so much industrialization started in britain
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and then you know obviously everyone looks at talks about these maps where like it's a geographical expansion the way that
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that occurred like the closer to the epicenter of the industrial
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revolution you were the the closer you were going to be to industrialize here six
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and a half times the mid -century figure
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and asia holds some countries skip industrialization i've seen that some people skipped It's.. an industrial revolution.
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63 % of the map against North America's 16 and Europe's 13.
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One comparison holds the whole modern map.
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China emits more carbon dioxide than the United States, India, Russia, and Japan combined, and those four are the countries ranked immediately behind it.
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That map is annual, and it is worth being clear about what an annual map leaves out.
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Carbon dioxide stays in the air for centuries, so what has warmed the planet is the sum of every
438
year in this film not the last one add all 275 years together
439
and the ranking changes the united states accounts for 24 of
440
all the fossil carbon dioxide ever emitted china 16 russia 7 germany 5
441
and britain 4 that's interesting so again an argument
442
that china can use hey we can keep emitting for a
443
while we still haven't done the most that the u .s has done europe
444
and north america together are 59 of the cumulative total
445
and 29 of the annual one
446
and those two numbers sit underneath most of the argument at
447
climate negotiations one more thing this map cannot show area here is a country's total
448
so a large country with modest habits looks like a small
449
one with heavy ones per person the united states yes yeah
450
so america's got 330 population china's got 1 .4 billion india's
451
got 1 .4 billion dates emits about 14 tons a year china 9
452
and india 2 two last things about how this map is
453
built the early figures are reconstructions from records of coal mined and traded, not measurements of the air.
454
And the borders are modern ones throughout, so emissions from what is now Germany count as German for every year, including the century in which no German state existed.
455
The map has been redrawn three times in 275 years.
456
It was one island, then a continent, then a country on the other side of the world, and each time the mechanism was the same.
457
Somewhere industrialised at speed on fuel it had underneath it.
458
Britain, where this map began, now emits less than it did a century ago, and it is not the only country here for which that is true.
459
yeah well i mean britain also lost like their entire empire
460
but uh thanks for watching subscribe but yes
461
and then you know obviously the huge movement to stop carbon emission
462
and it's gonna be let me tell you it's gonna be
463
another it's gonna be a rough hundred years i mean this
464
is not just gonna stop you know you can uh it's it's pretty it's pretty crazy there's clean energy
465
but you're not going to convince the entire world to use clean energy.
466
So this is not looking good, to say the least.
467
This is also a factor that I didn't mention, but the beauty of industrial outsourcing.
468
Very cool, very important video by Everything Econ.
469
And thank you to my patrons.
470
If you want your name here, check the link to Patreon down in the description.
471
This is not a username, this is a randomly assorted bunch of letters And Eric Perez Thank you
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このB2レベルのスピーキングレッスンは、動画「This Carbon Emissions Video Also Doubles as Economic Development… and That’s Awkward」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：emission, map, china, carbon, germany。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が471文、単語が5237語あります。 音声の長さは27:36です。 話す速さは速く、1分あたり約190語です。音のつながりや弱く発音される音が多くなります。 単語の86%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。
この動画の重要語彙
動画の中で特に難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| emit 動詞 | /iˈmɪt/ | 放つ, 放射する |
| continent 名詞 | /ˈkɑntɪnənt/ | 大陸 |
| industrialization 名詞 | /ɪnˌdʌstɹɪəlɪˈzeɪʃən/ | 産業化, 工業化 |
| explode 動詞 | /ɪkˈsploʊd/ | 爆発する |
| dioxide 名詞 | /daɪˈɑksaɪd/ | 二酸化物 |
| pause 名詞 | /pɔːz/ | 休止, 中断 |
| wrap 動詞 | /ɹæp/ | 包む, 包装する |
| arithmetic 名詞 | /æɹɪθˈmɛtɪk/ | 算数 |
| geez | /d͡ʒiːz/ | なんてこった, ああ |
| standpoint 名詞 | /ˈstændpɔɪnt/ | 観点 |
| ironic 形容詞 | /aɪˈɹɑ.nɪk/ | 風刺的な |
| awaken 動詞 | /əˈweɪkən/ | 起こす |
| epicentre 名詞 | /ˈɛpɪˌsɛntɚ/ | 震源地, 震央 |
| buckle 名詞 | /ˈbʌkəl/ | バックル, 尾錠 |
| burner 名詞 | /ˈbɝnɚ/ | バーナー |
動画に出てくる句動詞
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| show up 動詞 | 現れる | |
| break out 動詞 | 脱出する | |
| bring up 動詞 | 育てる | |
| go down 動詞 | 降りる, 降下する | |
| slow down 動詞 | 遅らせる | |
| zoom out 動詞 | /ˌzuːm ˈaʊt/ | ズームアウトする, 縮小する |
繰り返し練習したい文
動画に出てくる短く完結した文です。日常会話でそのまま使えます。
- Have you heard that story?
- I mean, they weren't there before.
- I mean, there's no doubt about that.
- We're looking at carbon emission.
- You know what I mean?
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | has only just arrived · have arrived · has broken |
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | are included · being laid · is now unified |
注意したい発音
話し手はwe're, don't, gonnaなど、短縮形や弱形を66回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「th」の音: underneath /ˌʌndɚˈniθ/, arithmetic /æɹɪθˈmɛtɪk/
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: emission /ɪˈmɪʃ.ən/, industrialization /ɪnˌdʌstɹɪəlɪˈzeɪʃən/, disproportional [dɪspɹəˈpɔːʃənəɫ], humiliation /hjuːˌmɪliˈeɪʃən/, negotiation /nɪˌɡəʊ.ʃiˈeɪ.ʃən/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: industrialization /ɪnˌdʌstɹɪəlɪˈzeɪʃən/, industrialize /ɪnˈdʌstɹiəlaɪz/, economically /ˌiː.kəˈnɒm.ɪ.kli/, arithmetic /æɹɪθˈmɛtɪk/, disproportional [dɪspɹəˈpɔːʃənəɫ]
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: industrialization /ɪnˌdʌstɹɪəlɪˈzeɪʃən/, industrialize /ɪnˈdʌstɹiəlaɪz/, disproportional [dɪspɹəˈpɔːʃənəɫ], ironically /aɪˈɹɑnɪkli/, geographical /d͡ʒiəˈɡɹæfɪkl̩/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: carve /kɑɹv/, cumulative /ˈkjuːmjʊlətɪv/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: terrify /ˈtɛɹɪfaɪ/, geographical /d͡ʒiəˈɡɹæfɪkl̩/, fossil /ˈfɑsl̩/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。emit, continent, industrializationなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。