シャドーイング練習: What it's like to have schizophrenia - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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what is it like to have schizophrenia the experience of schizophrenia is not one
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that most people will easily understand it's not like depression
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or most of the symptoms like insomnia
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or fatigue will be instantly familiar to most people with schizophrenia the most prominent symptoms of the disorder,
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the delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thoughts don't have any direct parallels in our own lives.
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Because of this, schizophrenia is hard to understand, leading to misinformation, misconceptions, and misdiagnoses.
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To improve our understanding of this disease, we need to do much more than simply memorize lists of symptoms instead
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we need to learn the underlying mechanisms of schizophrenia so
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that we can better recognize it
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when we see it in our patients some have hypothesized
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that the core deficit in schizophrenia involves the concept of salience salience is the interestingness of information
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or how important we perceive that information to be we give salient items more attention
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and are more likely to act upon them.
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If I were to tell you 10 random numbers,
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say 1558378290, but not tell you anything about them,
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you probably wouldn't find them particularly salient.
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Without that salience, they will likely drop from your attention and quickly be forgotten.
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However, if I told you that these numbers are from tomorrow's winning lottery ticket and that there's still time to enter,
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then suddenly they become very interesting indeed.
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By telling you this, I have increased the salience of the information.
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The numbers themselves have not changed at all, only their salience has changed.
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On a biological level, the neurotransmitter dopamine plays a key role in the process of salience.
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When information is found to be salient, your brain releases dopamine.
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This rush of dopamine makes you pay more attention to the information and motivates you to act upon it.
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We can manipulate the salience of information by tying it to some kind of a reward.
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Take the ticker on the New York Stock Exchange as an example.
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Someone who is unfamiliar with the financial system would likely find the constant stream of letters
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and numbers to be meaningless or random.
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For stockbrokers, however,
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the ticker is incredibly salient because stockbrokers believe that these letters and numbers will potentially allow them to make millions of dollars.
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This information has been made salient by connecting it to the possibility of a reward.
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Information can also be made salient by linking it to a negative outcome.
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For example, For example, public safety experts trying to encourage helmet use will often use
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grisly footage of motorcycle accidents as a way of getting your attention.
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A video like this is disturbing on a visceral level, yet it is also effective at increasing the salience of their message
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and motivating people to act differently so they can avoid a similar outcome.
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our brains use salience to filter incoming information
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we take in an enormous amount of information every day within
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30 minutes of waking up most of us have already read the news check the weather forecast browse social media
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and listen to music if we gave our full attention to all of these things, we would quickly become overwhelmed and incapacitated.
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Instead, we quickly move on from information that has no direct relevance to us.
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From this morning's information, your brain might interpret only the weather report as salient,
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as forgetting to bring an umbrella will leave you cold, wet, and miserable.
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The other information is found to have no particular significance, so it is filtered out and quickly forgotten.
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This is a complex process, yet our brains do it instantly, automatically, and unconsciously, thousands of times per day.
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So how does this relate to schizophrenia?
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People with schizophrenia are believed to be in a state of aberrant salience, characterized by excessive and illogical release of dopamine.
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When dopamine is flowing in this way, salience is assigned to every bit of new information without any clear connection to rewards or punishments.
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It would be like suddenly entering a world where every letter and number had the potential to make you a million dollars,
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or where every decision had the life -or -death consequences of a motorcycle accident.
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People in the early stages of schizophrenia describe being in a state like this.
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They say things like, My senses were sharpened.
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I developed a greater awareness of the world and became fascinated by the little insignificant things around me.
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Sights and sounds possessed a keenness that I had never experienced before.
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It was as if parts of my brain awoke which had been dormant.
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My senses seemed alive.
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Things seemed clear -cut.
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I noticed things I had never noticed before.
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I felt that there was some overwhelming significance in this.
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I felt like I was putting a piece of the puzzle together.
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This makes life initially quite vivid and dramatic for someone in a state of aberrant salience,
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yet it rapidly becomes a confusing and unbearable way to live.
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Normally, we can figure out why our brain is telling us that something is important.
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We know that paying attention to the weather forecast will help us to avoid having a bad day.
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However, someone in a state of aberrant salience will perceive a sense
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of overwhelming significance in all of their experiences without being able to understand why.
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Why me, they ask.
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Why now?
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Why does this all seem so important?
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To make sense out of this experience,
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people with schizophrenia will begin to develop explanations for why each piece of information suddenly feels so important, so relevant.
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so personally significant.
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If they watch the news in this state of heightened salience, they might come to believe
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that the president must be using their State of the Union address to communicate a special coded message meant only for them.
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When listening to music, they may get the feeling
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that there must be a reason why that particular song came on the radio at that exact moment.
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On the internet, any random stimulus, say, a pop -up ad about a new brand of lotion,
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may seem so special and compelling that it must somehow be the key to saving the world.
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To everyone else, these ideas sound, frankly, psychotic.
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For a person in a state of aberrant salience, however, these delusions of reference help them to make sense out of a senseless mental environment,
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where everything, everywhere, seems to have some life -changing importance.
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If delusions develop when excessive salience is given to external stimuli, then what happens when salience is given to internally generated information?
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After all, everyone has an internal stream of consciousness that we generally recognize as being our own.
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In a state of aberrant salience, however, these thoughts can seem important to the point where they are
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given the same level of priority as a voice coming from outside your head.
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This is thought to be the mechanism for the auditory hallucinations that people with schizophrenia experience.
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It is as if the volume of these internal thoughts has been turned up
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so far that they grab your attention in the same way as hearing your name yelled from across the room.
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Aberrant salience can also explain the profound thought disorganization that is another hallmark of schizophrenia.
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People with schizophrenia often have difficulty understanding even seemingly simple concepts and ideas.
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They may hear the same information over and over again, but show no sign of actually comprehending it.
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They can respond to their environment in ways that make little sense to an outside observer.
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This disorganization of thoughts, speech,
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and behavior makes more sense when you consider that aberrant salience leaves people in a state of perpetual information overload.
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When the filter of salience breaks, you become constantly bombarded by new information every second of the day,
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with no way of making sense of it all.
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It would be like trying to watch dozens of tv shows
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all at the same time in this state of confusion it is no wonder
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that people with schizophrenia can appear so bewildered and distracted by even simple concepts
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they say that the value of a theory lies in how well it is able to explain what we observe
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and aberrant salience appears to pass this test
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it provides a framework for answering many of the questions we have had about schizophrenia for centuries.
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For example, we have long wondered why the content of delusions in schizophrenia varies so drastically from culture to culture.
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Someone in a modern city is more likely to believe
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that satellite waves are broadcasting their thoughts than someone from a rural area who is more likely to say
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that their thoughts are being stolen by a neighbor's curse.
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Yet, if schizophrenia is an illness with a biological basis, shouldn't the symptoms be similar across cultures?
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The concept of aberrant salience bridges this gap by arguing
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that delusions are normal psychological constructs generated by a person in an abnormal biological state.
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If delusions are psychological constructs, it makes sense that they would draw upon that person's own unique experiences and cultural values,
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even if the underlying biological abnormality is the same.
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the concept of aberrant salience can inform not only our understanding of schizophrenia
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but also how we treat it
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if aberrant salience is associated with excess dopamine
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then using medications to block dopamine should reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia
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this appears to be true all of the drugs prescribed for schizophrenia known as antipsychotic medications block dopamine receptors to some degree.
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This creates a state of dampened salience where information lacks the power to capture attention that it once had,
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leading to reductions in symptoms like delusions, hallucinations, and thought disorganization.
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However, this comes at a cost.
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Like many medications, antipsychotics are nonspecific in their actions.
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They cause a global dampening of salience for all information that the brain processes not just information related to psychosis
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when preparing for their day a person taking antipsychotic medications would
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avoid assigning salience to irrelevant stimuli such as pop -up ads or a song on the radio this is an improvement
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however they also would have difficulty assigning salience even to relevant information like the weather report, and may then forget to bring their umbrella.
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This shows both the power and the limitations of using antipsychotics to treat schizophrenia.
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They reverse the excess of dopamine driving a state of aberrant salience,
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but in doing so they can interfere with the normal functioning of salience as well.
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Understanding the concept of aberrant salience can be illuminating for people trying to learn about schizophrenia however
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it is not without its limitations
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it does a much better job of explaining the dramatic positive symptoms of schizophrenia like delusions hallucinations
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and thought disorganization than it does explaining the negative symptoms like flat emotions inability to feel pleasure
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and difficulty forming relationships that are often more impairing for people with schizophrenia.
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The concept of aberrant salience is also silent on the question of why some people develop schizophrenia while others do not.
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It only explains what happens once an episode of psychosis has already begun.
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It is likely that no single theory will explain a disease as complex as schizophrenia.
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There are, without a doubt, multiple mechanisms to be discovered.
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What is it like to have schizophrenia?
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Schizophrenia is so much more than just a list of symptoms.
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The concept of aberrant salience gives us a better glimpse into the complex and multifaceted lives of our patients.
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It allows us to see that people with schizophrenia are not some alien other that we will never understand.
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Rather, it shows us that the symptoms of schizophrenia are rooted in thought processes that every human being can understand and relate to.
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It underscores the shared humanity we have, even with people who act and speak in ways that we cannot comprehend.
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We are ultimately more alike than we are different.
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If more people understood this, perhaps there would be less of the fear and stigma that has dominated the discussion about schizophrenia for so long.
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Hi everyone, I hope you gained something from this latest video.
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I strongly encourage anyone with an interest in schizophrenia, or mental health in general, to read the paper that inspired this talk.
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I'll put the link down in the description.
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As always, if you have any thoughts on this video, or suggestions for future content, let me know.
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You can also check out my other videos on YouTube or my book
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Memorable Psychopharmacology on Amazon. on.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「What it's like to have schizophrenia」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：salience, schizophrenia, aberrant, symptoms, dopamine。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が150文、単語が2078語あります。 音声の長さは15:07です。 話す速さは1分あたり約138語で安定しており、シャドーイングしやすいペースです。 英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は79%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。
この動画の重要語彙
動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| schizophrenia 名詞 | /ˌskɪtsəˈfɹiniə/ | 統合失調症, 精神分裂病 |
| symptom 名詞 | /ˈsɪm(p)təm/ | 症状, 症候 |
| biological 形容詞 | /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/ | 生物学の |
| difficulty 名詞 | /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/ | 難しさ |
| reward 名詞 | /ɹɪˈwɔɹd/ | 見返り, 賞 |
| filter 名詞 | /ˈfɪltɚ/ | 濾過器, フィルター |
| mechanism 名詞 | /ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/ | 仕組み, 機構 |
| significance 名詞 | /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəns/ | 重要性 |
| stimulus 名詞 | /ˈstɪm.jə.ləs/ | 刺激 |
| assign 動詞 | /əˈsaɪn/ | 割り当てる |
| encourage 動詞 | /ɪnˈkʌɹ.ɪd͡ʒ/ | 勇気付ける, 奨励する |
| dramatic 形容詞 | /dɹəˈmætɪk/ | 劇的, ドラマティック |
| relate 動詞 | /ɹɪˈleɪt/ | 繋げる |
| generate 動詞 | /ˈd͡ʒɛn.ə.ɹeɪt/ | 生む, 生み出す |
| excessive 形容詞 | /ɪkˈsɛsɪv/ | 過度の |
動画に出てくる句動詞
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| check out 動詞 | 試験する, 検査する | |
| wake up 動詞 | /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ | 目覚める, 目を覚ます |
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | be forgotten · is found · has been made |
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | have hypothesized · have increased · have not changed |
| 関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える | Someone who is · people who act |
注意したい発音
話し手はdon't, I'll, shouldn'tなど、短縮形や弱形を4回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: medication /mɛdɪˈkeɪʃən/, limitation /lɪmɪˈteɪʃən/, rush /ɹʌʃ/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: schizophrenia /ˌskɪtsəˈfɹiniə/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, medication /mɛdɪˈkeɪʃən/, difficulty /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/, mechanism /ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: relate /ɹɪˈleɪt/, umbrella /ʌmˈbɹɛl.ə/, strongly /ˈstɹɔŋli/, incredibly /ɪŋˈkɹɛdɪbli/, rapidly /ˈɹæpɪdli/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: excessive /ɪkˈsɛsɪv/, perceive /pɚˈsiv/, motivate /ˈmoʊ.tɪ.veɪt/, reverse /ɹɪˈvɝs/, involve /ɪnˈvɑlv/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: schizophrenia /ˌskɪtsəˈfɹiniə/, difficulty /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/, filter /ˈfɪltɚ/, significance /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəns/, forecast /ˈfɔːkɑːst/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- 通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。schizophrenia, symptom, biologicalなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。