シャドーイング練習: Why Are Things Creepy? - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

レッスンを作成中...
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Hey, Vsauce. Michael here.
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Fear gives us life. Being afraid of the right things kept our ancestors alive. It makes sense to be afraid of poisonous insects or hungry tigers, but what about fear when there is no clear and obvious danger?
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For instance, a Teddy Bear with a full set of human teeth...or a smile.jpg.
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There's something a little off about these images. Too much mystery, and strange-ness, but no obvious threat, the way there is with a gun or falling rock. But, yet, they still insight fear, because they are creepy.
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But why? What gives us the creeps? What causes something to be creepy?
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We are now in my bedroom, the bedroom I grew up in, in Kansas. Like a lot of children my age, I was terrified of "Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark." But the very first book that ever scared me was "The Curse of the Squirrel." To this day, I still haven't finished the book...but that's just me.
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Psychologist James Geer developed the "Fear Survey Schedule II," which he used to find out what scared us the most. Combined with the results of a more recent Gallup poll, these are the things that scare most of us, the most. All of these things are scary, but are they creepy? Let's get more specific.
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I love the way Stephen King delineates three types of scary stuff. The first is the "gross-out".
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This is something disgusting, morbid, diseased. The second is "horror". Horror, to King, is the unnatural: a giant spider, or being grabbed in the dark when you thought you were alone.
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The third, "terror," is different, creepier. He says terror is coming home to find that everything that you own has been replaced with an exact copy. Terror is feeling something behind you. It's breath on your neck. Knowing that you will be grabbed, but then turning around to find that there was never anything there in the first place. Not a lot of research has been done on that feeling, the creeps. But many theories and ideas involve vagueness, ambiguity. For instance, masks, and why clowns are creepy.
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Claude Levi-Strauss wrote that the facial disguise temporarily eliminates from social intercourse the part of the body, which reveals personal feelings and attitudes. Part of the reason even a neutral or happy mask can be creepy may have to do with ambiguity. A mask hides the true emotions and intentions of the person underneath. I don't know if the person wearing that mask is a threat or not.
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Vagueness is creepy when it comes to the human form. This is the famous Uncanny Valley.
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On a chart of humanness, there's a zone where something can be almost entirely human, but off by just a little. Not so wrong that it's clearly fake or funny, or so good that it's indistinguishable. Instead, it's just troubling.
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The creepiness of the Uncanny Valley is wonderfully demonstrated by John Bergeron's Singing Androids.
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Watch these videos when you're alone.
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A similar, uneasy feeling comes from ShayeSaintJohn, a character created by Eric Fournier. Funny to some, nightmare fuel to others.
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Uncanny humanoids, like all creepy things, straddle a line between two regions that we can understand and explain with language. Francis T. McAndrew and Sara Koehnke describe being "creeped out" as an adaptive human response to the ambiguity of threats from others.
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Creepy things are kind of a threat maybe, but they're also kind of not. So, our brains don't know what to do. Some parts respond with fear, while other parts don't, and they don't know why. So, instead of achieving a typical fear response, horror, we simply feel uneasy, terror, creeped out. Between the mountains of safety and danger, there is a valley of creepiness, where the limits of our knowledge and trust and security aren't very clear.
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Will looking at this cause you to die one week later? Impossible, right? Maybe that's the terror of ambiguity.
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We don't do well with ambiguity. When it involves our own intentions, it can make us lie. And when it involves danger, but no recognizable threat, it can make us think and feel some pretty weird things. Have you ever peered over a ledge, a railing, way high up, like, so high up it made you nervous and dizzy and felt something pushing you? Maybe even an urge to jump? Have you ever stood on the ledge with a loved one and realize that you could push them? It would be that easy. You really could do it, and maybe you do want to do it, or maybe it's just cognitive dissonance. The fact that your brain is having to deal with ambiguity.
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A recent study by Jennifer Hames at Florida State University dubbed this the High Place Phenomenon. When approaching a ledge and a dangerous drop, your survival instinct kicks in and you pull yourself away. But, your balance and motor systems don't get it. Nothing is pushing you and you don't normally fall or leap randomly. So, what's going on? The part of your brain that processes intention might resolve this by determining that something must be pushing you. Or, that you might actually want to jump or push your friend, even if none of that is true.
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Now, we're not done with ambiguity yet because our language reflects the gray area of terror and creepiness. Take a look at the word "terror" itself. We have "horrible" and "horrific." "Terrible" and "terrific." Why is that? Well, through history, we never really figured out what to call powerful experiences, because they're both. They are full of awe...awesome.
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And, they are full of aw...awful. We need them to survive. We need fears and the creeps, to understand our size, our weaknesses. But, on the other hand, avoiding them is pretty great too...The creeps is a physical reminder that the world is vague and full of ambiguity, but that we are cunning, always trying to figure things out but, nonetheless, fragile.
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Is that terrible or terrific? Well, it's both. Which, as a creepy ghost would say, is kind of boo-tiful.
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And as always, thanks for watching.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が25文、単語が1034語あります。 音声の長さは8:27です。 話す速さは1分あたり約122語で安定しており、シャドーイングしやすいペースです。 英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は79%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくるやや難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

  • creepy /ˈkɹipi/ (形容詞) — 気持ち悪い, 気味悪い. Moving by creeping along.
  • terror /ˈtɛɹɚ/ (名詞) — 恐怖. Intense dread, fright, or fear.
  • creep /kɹiːp/ (動詞) — 這う, 伝う. To move slowly with the abdomen close to the ground.
  • mask /mæsk/ (名詞) — 仮面, 覆面. A cover, or partial cover, for the face, used for disguise or protection.
  • horror /ˈhɒɹ.ə/ (名詞) — 恐怖, 恐れ. An intense distressing emotion of fear or repugnance.
  • scary /ˈskɛə.ɹi/ (形容詞) — 怖い. Causing fear or anxiety
  • scare /skɛɚ/ (動詞) — 威かす, 驚かす. To frighten, terrify, startle, especially in a minor way.
  • bedroom /ˈbɛdˌɹum/ (名詞) — 寝室. A room in a house, apartment, hotel, or other dwelling where a bed is kept for sleeping.
  • chart /t͡ʃɑɹt/ (名詞) — チャート, 図表. A map illustrating the geography of a specific phenomenon.
  • awful /ˈɔːfʊl/ (形容詞) — 怖い. Very bad.
  • gray /ɡɹeɪ/ (形容詞) — 灰色, 鼠色. Of a color between black and white, having neutral hue and intermediate brightness.
  • hungry /ˈhʌŋ.ɡɹi/ (形容詞) — 空腹な, 飢えた. Affected by hunger; having the physical need for food.
  • mystery /ˈmɪs.t(ə.)ɹi/ (名詞) — ミステリー, 不思議. Something secret or unexplainable; an unknown.
  • horrible /ˈhɔɹ.ɪ.bəl/ (形容詞) — 恐ろしい. Causing horror; terrible; shocking.
  • reveal /ɹɪˈviːl/ (動詞) — 現す, 表す. To uncover; to show and display that which was hidden.

動画に出てくる句動詞

  • find out (動詞) — 見出す, 調べる. To discover, as by asking or investigating.

注意したい発音

話し手はdon't, they're, aren'tなど、短縮形や弱形を13回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

  • 「th」の音: breathe /bɹiːð/, underneath /ˌʌndɚˈniθ/, nonetheless /ˌnʌnðəˈlɛs/
  • 「sh」と「zh」の音: intentions /ɪnˈtɛnʃənz/, intention /ɪnˈtɛnʃn̩/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/, facial /ˈfeɪ.ʃəl/, indistinguishable [ˌɪn.dɪˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪ.ʃə.bl̩]
  • 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: eliminate /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/, temporarily /ˌtɛmpəˈɹɛɹəli/, psychologist /ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/, ambiguity /æm.bɪˈɡjuː.ɪ.ti/, delineate /dɪˈlɪniːeɪt/

この動画での練習方法

  1. まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
  2. 通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
  3. 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。creepy, terror, creepなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型動画での表現
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てるwas terrified · being grabbed · has been replaced
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係しているhaven't finished · has been replaced

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →