シャドーイング練習: Why Earth Is A Prison and How To Escape It - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

レッスンを作成中...
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We are prisoners on Earth. The Universe taunts us, by showing all the places we can't ever visit.
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However, if our species wants to have a long term future, we have to escape our prison.
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But what is keeping us here in the first place?
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Turns out, we owe the universe a debt that is 4.5 billion years old.
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Everything with mass in the universe attracts every other thing with mass.
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We call this phenomenon 'gravity'.
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The closer you are to a big chunk of mass, the stronger the attraction or the more you're pulled in.
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This effect traps us on earth.
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We can imagine this as being prisoners in a gravity prison, or a gravity well.
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It's not a literal well, but a handy concept to understand how this works.
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Being in a gravity prison means that you owe gravity energy.
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But how can you owe energy?
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Because in our universe, things don't want to change their speed or direction.
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To convince them to move, you have to expend energy.
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Billions of years ago, the gravitational attraction of trillions of trillions of dust particles orbiting our sun caught them together until they formed a planet.
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This process used energy and created the gravity well we're now a part of.
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The deeper you are inside the gravity well, the more energy you owe gravity.
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If you don't find a way to get enough energy, then you aren't able to leave no matter what you do.
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Because your atoms were once part of the dust that the universe expended energy on to get to this place.
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Ok. Hmm...Let's summarise all of that again.
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Objects in the universe don't like to move. You have to convince them to do so with energy.
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Gravity used energy to convince the parts of our planet to move together.
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This created a gravity prison in the process, trapping us .
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To escape, it we need to repay it with energy.
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Ok. How do we do that?
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To get into space, we need to go through a complicated process of exchanging energy.
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For this purpose, we build a negative potential energy repaying machine.
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Known By their more boring name 'rockets' Rockets work by using some of the most energetic chemical reactions humans know about to basically explode fuel in a controlled way.
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This converts chemical energy into kinetic energy.
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The exhaust of the reaction is directed outwards, and pushes the rocket away from Earth.
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By expanding a lot of energy, we are increasing our gravitational potential energy.
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Which is a complicated way to say that we are paying back our energy debt to gravity.
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But it's actually a lot trickier than that.
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When you burn fuel to get into orbit, you lose lots of energy to heat, exhaust and atmospheric drag ,so you actually need much more.
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And you can't just pile a huge amount of radioactive, really explosive, dangerous fuel close to your payload and detonate it.
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You need a controlled burn which is complicated and makes your rocket very heavy ...which means it has more mass.
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The more mass something has, the more energy you need to convince it to move, so you need more fuel to lift up your rocket.
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But,if you need more fuel, that means you need more rocket to carry that fuel!
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But, this makes your rocket heavier thus requiring more fuel which requires more rocket to carry that new fuel and so on.
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At the end of this madness, you need closer to a 100x the weight of your payload to launch Ariane 6, for example will weigh 800 tons and should be able to transport 10 tons into geostationary transfer orbit or, 20 tons into medium earth orbit.
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But a rocket can only produce so much thrust, so there is a maximum weight, after which it just won't take off.
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If you add too much weight, it won't lift off. So, you can't just build bigger and bigger fuel tanks This is the tyranny of the rocket equation and it means space flight will never become easy.
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But wait, it gets worse.
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Getting to space is still not good enough- you're still inside the gravity prison at the edge of space and will crash back to Earth.
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Staying in space is much harder than getting there.
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To get to a stable position, where it can stay for a while, a rocket has to reach low Earth orbit.
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To do this, you need a lot of kinetic energy which means going extremely fast at an altitude of about 100 km, this is 8 km/s 28,000 km/h is fast enough to travel around Earth in 90 minutes.
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Here, we can use a trick.
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Instead of flying straight up, we can go sideways!
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Earth is a sphere.
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So, if you're going sideways, fast enough the ground will curve away beneath you.
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So, as long as you're above the atmosphere you'll be able to stay up there in orbit.
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This is what the ISS does to stay fast enough.
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If we look at orbits in scale, we see that near Earth orbit is laughably close to Earth.
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To deploy, for eg Satellites, on leave for other planets, requires another round of energy debt repayment.
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Getting to orbit is the most difficult part of space flight for us right now.
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For example: If we want to send a rocket to Mars, half the energy is necessary just to get into orbit and the other half for the 55 million km to Mars.
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Therefore, to be as effective as possible, rockets aren't built in one giant piece.
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Instead, we use multistage rockets. We don't need to carry an empty fuel tank, so rockets drop it.
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Rockets today, shed their boosters and main stage as they ascend with each successive stage being it's own fully contained rocket, complete with its own engine and fuel.
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Ok. So this is why getting to space is hard.
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If you feel all of this seems really complicated, don't worry. It's literally rocket science!
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This video was made possible in part by a sponsorship by Airbus Safran Launchers and Arianespace.
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Who are getting their new Ariane 6 rocket ready to launch into space in 2020.
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You can learn more about the rocket here.
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And as always, if you like what we do please consider supporting us on Patreon.com.
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It really helps us out a lot!
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If you're craving more space stuff now: here's a playlist for you.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が68文、単語が1068語あります。 音声の長さは6:53です。 話す速さは1分あたり約155語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。 単語の82%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語発音意味
rocket 名詞/ˈɹɑk.ɪt/ロケット, 噴進弾
orbit 名詞/ˈɔɹ.bɪt/軌道
complicated 形容詞/ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/複雑な
convince 動詞/kənˈvɪns/説得する, 納得させる
ton 名詞/tʌn/トン
dust 名詞/dʌst/埃, ほこり
trap 名詞/tɹæp/罠
prisoner 名詞/ˈpɹɪzənə/囚人, 捕虜
exhaust 動詞/ɪɡˈzɔst/使い尽くす, 尽くす
stable 名詞/ˈsteɪ.bəl/馬小屋, 厩舎
trick 名詞/ˈtɹɪk/欺き, 企み
atmosphere 名詞/ˈætməsˌfɪɹ/大気, 大気圏
dragon 名詞/ˈdɹæɡən/竜, ドラゴン
expand 動詞/ɪkˈspænd/広げる, 拡大する
attract 動詞/əˈtɹækt/引きつける

動画に出てくる句動詞

単語発音意味
pay back 動詞/peɪ bæk/払い戻す
take off 動詞脱ぐ

注意したい発音

話し手はdon't, you're, can'tなど、短縮形や弱形を19回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

  • 「th」の音: beneath /bɪˈniːθ/, thrust /θɹʌst/
  • 「sh」と「zh」の音: attraction /əˈtɹækʃn̩/, equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/, gravitational /ˌɡɹævɪˈteɪʃənəl/
  • 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, phenomenon /fəˈnɒm.ɪ.nən/, atmospheric /ˌætməsˈfɛɹɪk/, radioactive /ˌɹeɪdioʊˈæktɪv/, energetic /ˌɛn.əɹˈdʒɛt.ɪk/

この動画での練習方法

  1. まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
  2. まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
  3. 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。rocket, orbit, complicatedなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型動画での表現
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てるis directed · is complicated · aren't built
関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加えるburn which is · energy which means

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →