Практика Shadowing: Why Earth Is A Prison and How To Escape It - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
Создание урока...
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We are prisoners on Earth. The Universe taunts us, by showing all the places we can't ever visit.
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However, if our species wants to have a long term future, we have to escape our prison.
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But what is keeping us here in the first place?
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Turns out, we owe the universe a debt that is 4.5 billion years old.
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Everything with mass in the universe attracts every other thing with mass.
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We call this phenomenon 'gravity'.
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The closer you are to a big chunk of mass, the stronger the attraction or the more you're pulled in.
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This effect traps us on earth.
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We can imagine this as being prisoners in a gravity prison, or a gravity well.
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It's not a literal well, but a handy concept to understand how this works.
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Being in a gravity prison means that you owe gravity energy.
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But how can you owe energy?
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Because in our universe, things don't want to change their speed or direction.
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To convince them to move, you have to expend energy.
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Billions of years ago, the gravitational attraction of trillions of trillions of dust particles orbiting our sun caught them together until they formed a planet.
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This process used energy and created the gravity well we're now a part of.
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The deeper you are inside the gravity well, the more energy you owe gravity.
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If you don't find a way to get enough energy, then you aren't able to leave no matter what you do.
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Because your atoms were once part of the dust that the universe expended energy on to get to this place.
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Ok. Hmm...Let's summarise all of that again.
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Objects in the universe don't like to move. You have to convince them to do so with energy.
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Gravity used energy to convince the parts of our planet to move together.
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This created a gravity prison in the process, trapping us .
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To escape, it we need to repay it with energy.
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Ok. How do we do that?
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To get into space, we need to go through a complicated process of exchanging energy.
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For this purpose, we build a negative potential energy repaying machine.
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Known By their more boring name 'rockets' Rockets work by using some of the most energetic chemical reactions humans know about to basically explode fuel in a controlled way.
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This converts chemical energy into kinetic energy.
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The exhaust of the reaction is directed outwards, and pushes the rocket away from Earth.
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By expanding a lot of energy, we are increasing our gravitational potential energy.
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Which is a complicated way to say that we are paying back our energy debt to gravity.
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But it's actually a lot trickier than that.
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When you burn fuel to get into orbit, you lose lots of energy to heat, exhaust and atmospheric drag ,so you actually need much more.
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And you can't just pile a huge amount of radioactive, really explosive, dangerous fuel close to your payload and detonate it.
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You need a controlled burn which is complicated and makes your rocket very heavy ...which means it has more mass.
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The more mass something has, the more energy you need to convince it to move, so you need more fuel to lift up your rocket.
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But,if you need more fuel, that means you need more rocket to carry that fuel!
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But, this makes your rocket heavier thus requiring more fuel which requires more rocket to carry that new fuel and so on.
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At the end of this madness, you need closer to a 100x the weight of your payload to launch Ariane 6, for example will weigh 800 tons and should be able to transport 10 tons into geostationary transfer orbit or, 20 tons into medium earth orbit.
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But a rocket can only produce so much thrust, so there is a maximum weight, after which it just won't take off.
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If you add too much weight, it won't lift off. So, you can't just build bigger and bigger fuel tanks This is the tyranny of the rocket equation and it means space flight will never become easy.
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But wait, it gets worse.
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Getting to space is still not good enough- you're still inside the gravity prison at the edge of space and will crash back to Earth.
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Staying in space is much harder than getting there.
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To get to a stable position, where it can stay for a while, a rocket has to reach low Earth orbit.
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To do this, you need a lot of kinetic energy which means going extremely fast at an altitude of about 100 km, this is 8 km/s 28,000 km/h is fast enough to travel around Earth in 90 minutes.
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Here, we can use a trick.
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Instead of flying straight up, we can go sideways!
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Earth is a sphere.
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So, if you're going sideways, fast enough the ground will curve away beneath you.
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So, as long as you're above the atmosphere you'll be able to stay up there in orbit.
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This is what the ISS does to stay fast enough.
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If we look at orbits in scale, we see that near Earth orbit is laughably close to Earth.
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To deploy, for eg Satellites, on leave for other planets, requires another round of energy debt repayment.
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Getting to orbit is the most difficult part of space flight for us right now.
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For example: If we want to send a rocket to Mars, half the energy is necessary just to get into orbit and the other half for the 55 million km to Mars.
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Therefore, to be as effective as possible, rockets aren't built in one giant piece.
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Instead, we use multistage rockets. We don't need to carry an empty fuel tank, so rockets drop it.
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Rockets today, shed their boosters and main stage as they ascend with each successive stage being it's own fully contained rocket, complete with its own engine and fuel.
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Ok. So this is why getting to space is hard.
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If you feel all of this seems really complicated, don't worry. It's literally rocket science!
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This video was made possible in part by a sponsorship by Airbus Safran Launchers and Arianespace.
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Who are getting their new Ariane 6 rocket ready to launch into space in 2020.
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You can learn more about the rocket here.
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And as always, if you like what we do please consider supporting us on Patreon.com.
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It really helps us out a lot!
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If you're craving more space stuff now: here's a playlist for you.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
В этом видео 68 предложений и 1068 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 6:53. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 155 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. 82% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка; остальные стоит разобрать перед занятием.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| rocket существительное | /ˈɹɑk.ɪt/ | раке́та |
| gravity существительное | /ˈɡɹævɪti/ | серьёзность, ва́жность |
| orbit существительное | /ˈɔɹ.bɪt/ | орби́та |
| complicated прилагательное | /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/ | сло́жный, запу́танный |
| convince глагол | /kənˈvɪns/ | убежда́ть, убеди́ть |
| ton существительное | /tʌn/ | то́нна |
| dust существительное | /dʌst/ | пыль, прах |
| trap существительное | /tɹæp/ | лову́шка, западня́ |
| prisoner существительное | /ˈpɹɪzənə/ | заключённый, заключённая |
| attraction существительное | /əˈtɹækʃn̩/ | привлека́тельность, аттракцио́н |
| exhaust глагол | /ɪɡˈzɔst/ | исче́рпывать, исче́рпать |
| stable существительное | /ˈsteɪ.bəl/ | коню́шня, хлев |
| trick существительное | /ˈtɹɪk/ | обма́н, трюк |
| atmosphere существительное | /ˈætməsˌfɪɹ/ | атмосфе́ра |
| dragon существительное | /ˈdɹæɡən/ | драко́н, змей |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| lift up глагол | задирать | |
| pay back глагол | /peɪ bæk/ | отплатить, расплатиться |
| stay up глагол | бо́дрствовать | |
| take off глагол | снима́ть, снять | |
| turn out глагол | ока́зываться, оказа́ться |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 19 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например don't, you're, can't. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «th»: beneath /bɪˈniːθ/, thrust /θɹʌst/
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: attraction /əˈtɹækʃn̩/, equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/, gravitational /ˌɡɹævɪˈteɪʃənəl/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, phenomenon /fəˈnɒm.ɪ.nən/, atmospheric /ˌætməsˈfɛɹɪk/, radioactive /ˌɹeɪdioʊˈæktɪv/, energetic /ˌɛn.əɹˈdʒɛt.ɪk/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как rocket, gravity, orbit.
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | is directed · is complicated · aren't built |
| Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете | burn which is · energy which means |
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.