Практика Shadowing: Why Humanity Will Never Leave The Solar System - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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The latest limited edition pin is here, now available on the Kurzgesag shop.
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You will never leave the solar system.
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Nobody alive today will.
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And maybe no human ever.
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Locked in by an invisible barrier, impossible to overcome for carbon-based animals like us.
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And not just us, there may be millions of alien civilizations in the universe, none of them ever able to venture into deep space in a meaningful way.
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Okay, but how can this be?
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We've made countless videos imagining how the exploration of the galaxy and beyond should just be a question of time,
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sort of mandatory for civilizations at a certain point.
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But there's a catch.
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We're pushing up against fundamental physics.
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What is this barrier made of dust and nothingness?
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And why is it so hard to overcome?
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You don't understand how large space is.
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We don't either.
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Conceptualizing the size of space is impossible for our ape brains
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that evolved to understand distances like right here and over the next hill.
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Space is so absurdly huge that we just check out and just hear very far.
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Very far and a million times very far feels the same.
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But it's not.
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To help our brains, let's start with what makes us cross distances.
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Speed.
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The fastest a human ever traveled in space were astronauts at 40,000 km an hour, returning from the Moon in 1969.
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Not bad, but way too slow.
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The fastest thing humans have ever built by far is the Parker Solar Probe, which at this moment uses a physics cheat code hurling around the gravity well of Venus,
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accelerating to get closer to the Sun.
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After seven years of doing this, the probe is shooting through space at a breathtaking 635,000 kilometers an hour.
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Fast enough to go around the world in four minutes or to cover the distance from Earth to the moon in 36.
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So let's pretend we had a spaceship that fast with a human crew ready to explore the universe.
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Current rockets would need seven to ten months to reach Mars, but our new spaceship covers the distance in just two weeks.
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Pretty good.
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The next stop is Pluto, which will reach after about a year.
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Okay, much longer, but still okay.
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It only takes two more years to pass the heliopause and one more to pass Voyager 2, which traveled over 50 years to get this far.
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Great!
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The next stop is the end of the Oort cloud, the true edge of the solar system where open space begins.
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We reach it in...
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2,500 years!
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Oh.
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Oh no.
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Not only did we travel for the amount of time it
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took to get from the founding of the Roman Republic to the present day, there's nothing out here.
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This is the invisible barrier, the barrier of nothingness that might trap us in the solar system forever.
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Space tends to be like that.
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There is a place that's very far away, but with human ingenuity and billions of dollars, we can get there.
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Then you zoom out one more time and all hope leaves your body.
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And the problem is that we've barely started zooming out.
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Why don't we just go faster?
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Well, we don't know of a non-magic way to travel faster than light, teleport or freeze people.
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So, no warp drive for now.
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But things like a propulsion system that uses nuclear fusion or antimatter, powerful enough to reach a substantial fraction of the speed of light, are in the realm of the physically possible.
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Ignoring the technical details and various problems that these energy sources have, we'll be very optimistic and make the reasonable assumption
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that we can get a spaceship to fly at around 20% the speed of light, which is extremely fast — 60,000 km per second,
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216 million km per hour.
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enough to reach the edge of the solar system in just 3.5 days
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and the outer edge of the Ork cloud in 8 years.
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Alpha Centauri, the closest star system to our own, in 20 years.
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We can work with that.
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There's only one small problem.
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We don't have internet!
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Wait, what?
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Just kidding.
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All you have to do is pick your next destination.
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We'll go back to solving our trickier travel problems.
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Everything should be sorted out now, right?
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Well, there's only one small issue.
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Space hates you.
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The barrier of dust.
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Unfortunately we'll run into a few obstacles on the way.
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Literally.
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Because while space is very empty, it's not actually empty.
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There are energetic particles, gas, dust and things bigger than dust.
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As a lot of unhappy people experience every day, if you're going really fast and smash into something, you have a huge problem.
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And, at 20% the speed of light, this is true even if the thing you're smashing into is just an atom.
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An individual iron atom
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that hits your spaceship at this speed has enough energy to carve a damage track tenths of a millimetre deep.
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Over time, its hull will be riddled with microscopic bullet holes, which is not great.
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Of course, our engineers knew this and created a shield for our ship, a sort of protective sail that absorbs or at least slows down most molecules we smash into.
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And while this makes the journey much safer, there are things floating around in space that are larger than atoms.
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Running into a single grain of dust at 20% the speed of light is like running into a grenade, causing a tiny detonation as the dust explosively evaporates,
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grinding away our protective shield.
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But you can also hit something bigger than a grain of dust, like a small rock the size of a golf ball.
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Hitting that at 20% the speed of light
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releases more than double the energy of the nuclear bomb that was dropped over Hiroshima.
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We'll not even talk about anything larger.
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Atoms, dust, and pebbles are dangerous enough.
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We might have reached our natural speed limit here.
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Beside the fact that we don't have a good idea how we could possibly fly any faster, all of the damaging effects of hitting stuff floating around in the void get much worse fast.
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Having said all that, it's probably fair to assume that with enough shielding, our spaceship should be able to survive traveling through space at
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roughly 20% the speed of light long enough to get to at least nearby stars in a reasonable amount of time.
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Only one more issue to overcome.
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Almost everything in space that's close is super lame.
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The first proper target outside the solar system is the Alpha Centauri system, which is roughly 10,000 years with our original slow,
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more realistic ship, but only 20 years with our super-fast fictional ship.
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So, let's cram a few unlucky humans into a tiny box for 20 years, and send them on their way, and assume they somehow make it without murdering each other.
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Four years after their arrival, their message reaches Earth.
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Earth.
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People around the globe gather together and hold their breath, eager to listen to it.
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We arrived.
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Alpha Centauri and its planets are very pretty up close.
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Unfortunately, they're all super deadly and uninhabitable.
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But we're doing extremely cool astrophysics and are learning a lot, which is pretty exciting.
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We're getting kind of tired of freeze-dried food and desperately need new shows to watch though.
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Not sure what we were thinking coming here.
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The thing about space is that almost all close destinations, if close means something different from what it usually means, are pretty lame.
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Not from a scientific perspective, of course.
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It would be an absolute dream to have the privilege to set foot on foreign planets
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and marvel at the wonders of our universe.
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But if 20% of the speed of light might be our speed limit, and we give humans a realistic travel time of say 40 years, we could reach things that are up to 8 light years away.
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None of the targets remotely within this range within a human
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lifetime may be worth traveling dozens of years in a tiny box through one of the deadliest environments imaginable.
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Our solar system is a bit unlucky in that regard.
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We're in a relatively empty pocket of the galaxy.
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This might change in a few million years as we move through the galaxy and there might be small, localized star-spanning civilizations.
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We discuss this in another video.
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Let's say that we could go much further, to any of the stars within our stellar neighborhood, a sphere about 25 light years in diameter.
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0.02% of the Milky Way, by the way.
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This tiny bubble is currently inhabited by 34 stars and 6 brown dwarfs.
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Only 3 stars in our neighborhood are similar to the Sun.
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But one of them is actually the Sun, and another one is Alpha Centauri A.
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The other stars close to us are mostly red dwarfs, with planets that vary from deadly to super deadly.
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There are a few planets in the habitable zones of their stars, where water can be liquid.
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But Mars is also in the habitable zone of the Sun, and it's really bad.
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Even the planets that we think look most like Earth, like GJ1061D, come with no guarantees.
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Imagine traveling your entire life, and then arriving at a Mars.
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What a brutal letdown that would be!
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There are a few stars that would be interesting targets, and may have actual habitable planets.
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Planets with oceans and atmospheres that are breathable, which probably would mean that they have some form of microbial life, if not more.
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It would be extremely interesting and definitely worth it to check them out.
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But they could be dozens if not thousands of light years away, which means journeys of hundreds or thousands of years, even at a large fraction of the speed of light.
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Of course, it is maybe feasible that a future humanity
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that is technologically way more advanced than us and very motivated could find solutions.
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Maybe they've solved biological aging and a travel time of a few hundred years doesn't seem that bad to them.
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Maybe they could send AI spaceships with embryos or some version of that into space.
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They probably have way more advanced telescopes to make sure they don't choose star systems that are deadly and empty.
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But it's still hard to imagine without real science fiction technology how they could build and sustain a connected civilization.
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Conclusion The longer you think about deep space the less it makes sense.
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The distances are too vast.
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There's a deadly speed limit and even
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if we could solve these issues almost all destinations even remotely reachable may not be worth the trip.
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Space is the greatest challenge humanity will ever face.
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Right now, we're just not equipped or able to solve it.
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Rockets, computers and even nuclear fusion reactors are hopelessly underpowered.
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We need technology that's overwhelmingly transformative.
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Something as wild to us as flying to the moon would have been to a hunter-gatherer.
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Will we ever get there?
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We genuinely don't know.
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But it is good to remind yourself of something.
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There are few things that make you look dumber than predicting the future of technology.
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In 1903, the New York Times published an editorial, Flying Machines Which Do Not Fly,
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that confidently predicted it would take humans 1 to 10 million years to achieve powered flight.
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69 days later, the first successful flight happened.
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66 years later, humans landed on the moon.
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So, we really hope this video will seem as dumb as this article in 100 years.
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And there's another option entirely, maybe our thinking about all of this is just completely wrong.
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Maybe the future is not out there, but deep down.
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But we'll explore that in another video.
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The latest limited edition pin is here, continuing the cosmic time collection.
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Predicting the future is really hard, but this device offers you a rare glimpse into the end of the universe.
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one by one, all the stars will die until everything is swallowed by darkness.
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Wear this animated lenticular pin as a reminder that you exist right now, in a brief and extraordinary moment in time
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when the universe is still filled with stars and light and there's so much left to discover.
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You're exactly where you belong in cosmic time and the universe.
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Only 10,000 Vanishing Stars pins exist and each one is individually numbered.
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Add it to your collection or start a new one while supplies last.
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And while humanity may still be confined to a tiny corner of the cosmos, we've already achieved some remarkable things.
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To celebrate these milestones, we created our Cosmic Milestones poster collection, featuring the first moon landing, the Mars rover Curiosity, and the Wilson Observatory,
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all enhanced with shimmering foil details.
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Get your favorite, or better, all of them, and create a gallery wall
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that will inspire you every day and remind you of what humanity is capable of.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики уровня C1 построен на видео «Why Humanity Will Never Leave The Solar System». Чаще всего повторяются слова: space, speed, star. В этом видео 183 предложений и 2329 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 13:51. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 168 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. Только 81% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
Самые сложные слова из видео (15), с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| spaceship существительное | косми́ческий кора́бль | |
| atom существительное | /ˈætəm/ | а́том |
| civilization существительное | /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ | цивилиза́ция, культу́ра |
| habitable прилагательное | /ˈhæbɪtəbəl/ | приго́дный для жи́зни, го́дный для жилья́ |
| cosmic прилагательное | /ˈkɑz.mɪk/ | косми́ческий |
| predict глагол | /pɹɪˈdɪkt/ | предска́зывать, предсказа́ть |
| smash глагол | /smæʃ/ | громи́ть, разгроми́ть |
| nothingness существительное | тлен | |
| cosmos существительное | /ˈkɑzməs/ | ко́смос, вселе́нная |
| unlucky прилагательное | /ʌnˈlʌki/ | неуда́чный, неуда́чливый |
| milestone существительное | /ˈmaɪlˌstoʊn/ | ми́льный ка́мень, километро́вый столб |
| float глагол | /fləʊt/ | пла́вать, всплывать |
| fraction существительное | /ˈfɹæk.ʃən/ | часть, части́ца |
| probe существительное | /pɹoʊb/ | зонд, щуп |
| fusion существительное | /ˈfjuː.ʒən/ | ядерный си́нтез |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Значение |
|---|---|
| check out глагол | проверя́ть, прове́рить |
| put together глагол | собрать, составить |
| slow down глагол | замедля́ть, заме́длить |
| sort out глагол | разбира́ться, разобра́ться |
Фразы, которые стоит повторять
Короткие законченные фразы из видео, которые пригодятся в повседневном разговоре:
- We're pushing up against fundamental physics.
- You don't understand how large space is.
- Why don't we just go faster?
- We'll go back to solving our trickier travel problems.
- Will we ever get there?
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | We've made · have ever built · you've solved |
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | should be sorted · will be riddled · was dropped |
| Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете | Pluto, which will · light, which is · holes, which is |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 31 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например don't, we'll, we're. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «th»: breathable /ˈbɹiːðəbəl/, breathtaking /ˈbɹɛθˌteɪ.kɪŋ/
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, smash /smæʃ/, fraction /ˈfɹæk.ʃən/, fusion /ˈfjuː.ʒən/, fictional /ˈfɪkʃənəl/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, habitable /ˈhæbɪtəbəl/, invisible /ɪnˈvɪzəb(ə)l/, antimatter /ˈæn.tiˌmæt.ɚ/, astrophysics /ˌæs.tɹoʊˈfɪz.ɪks/
Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:
- /w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: equip /ɪˈkwɪp/, overwhelmingly /ˌəʊ.vəˈwɛl.mɪŋ.lɪ/, warp /ˈwɔːp/, swallow /ˈswɑ.loʊ/
- /h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: habitable /ˈhæbɪtəbəl/, inhabited /ɪnˈhæbɪtɪd/, enhance /ɪnˈhæns/, unhappy /ʌnˈhæpi/, hull /hʌl/
- Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: probe /pɹoʊb/, inhabited /ɪnˈhæbɪtɪd/, browse /bɹaʊz/, grenade /ɡɹəˈneɪd/, evolve /ɪˈvɑlv/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как spaceship, atom, civilization.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.