Prática de Shadowing: Why Humanity Will Never Leave The Solar System - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
Criando lição...
1
The latest limited edition pin is here, now available on the Kurzgesag shop.
2
You will never leave the solar system.
3
Nobody alive today will.
4
And maybe no human ever.
5
Locked in by an invisible barrier, impossible to overcome for carbon-based animals like us.
6
And not just us, there may be millions of alien civilizations in the universe, none of them ever able to venture into deep space in a meaningful way.
7
Okay, but how can this be?
8
We've made countless videos imagining how the exploration of the galaxy and beyond should just be a question of time,
9
sort of mandatory for civilizations at a certain point.
10
But there's a catch.
11
We're pushing up against fundamental physics.
12
What is this barrier made of dust and nothingness?
13
And why is it so hard to overcome?
14
You don't understand how large space is.
15
We don't either.
16
Conceptualizing the size of space is impossible for our ape brains
17
that evolved to understand distances like right here and over the next hill.
18
Space is so absurdly huge that we just check out and just hear very far.
19
Very far and a million times very far feels the same.
20
But it's not.
21
To help our brains, let's start with what makes us cross distances.
22
Speed.
23
The fastest a human ever traveled in space were astronauts at 40,000 km an hour, returning from the Moon in 1969.
24
Not bad, but way too slow.
25
The fastest thing humans have ever built by far is the Parker Solar Probe, which at this moment uses a physics cheat code hurling around the gravity well of Venus,
26
accelerating to get closer to the Sun.
27
After seven years of doing this, the probe is shooting through space at a breathtaking 635,000 kilometers an hour.
28
Fast enough to go around the world in four minutes or to cover the distance from Earth to the moon in 36.
29
So let's pretend we had a spaceship that fast with a human crew ready to explore the universe.
30
Current rockets would need seven to ten months to reach Mars, but our new spaceship covers the distance in just two weeks.
31
Pretty good.
32
The next stop is Pluto, which will reach after about a year.
33
Okay, much longer, but still okay.
34
It only takes two more years to pass the heliopause and one more to pass Voyager 2, which traveled over 50 years to get this far.
35
Great!
36
The next stop is the end of the Oort cloud, the true edge of the solar system where open space begins.
37
We reach it in...
38
2,500 years!
39
Oh.
40
Oh no.
41
Not only did we travel for the amount of time it
42
took to get from the founding of the Roman Republic to the present day, there's nothing out here.
43
This is the invisible barrier, the barrier of nothingness that might trap us in the solar system forever.
44
Space tends to be like that.
45
There is a place that's very far away, but with human ingenuity and billions of dollars, we can get there.
46
Then you zoom out one more time and all hope leaves your body.
47
And the problem is that we've barely started zooming out.
48
Why don't we just go faster?
49
Well, we don't know of a non-magic way to travel faster than light, teleport or freeze people.
50
So, no warp drive for now.
51
But things like a propulsion system that uses nuclear fusion or antimatter, powerful enough to reach a substantial fraction of the speed of light, are in the realm of the physically possible.
52
Ignoring the technical details and various problems that these energy sources have, we'll be very optimistic and make the reasonable assumption
53
that we can get a spaceship to fly at around 20% the speed of light, which is extremely fast — 60,000 km per second,
54
216 million km per hour.
55
enough to reach the edge of the solar system in just 3.5 days
56
and the outer edge of the Ork cloud in 8 years.
57
Alpha Centauri, the closest star system to our own, in 20 years.
58
We can work with that.
59
There's only one small problem.
60
We don't have internet!
61
Wait, what?
62
Just kidding.
63
But our sponsor Saily can help you with that problem while traveling.
64
Saily is the eSIM service app from the creators of NordVPN.
65
You can choose from a wide range of affordable eSIM plans for over 200 destinations, so you'll never be without an internet connection while traveling.
66
Just download the app, pick a data plan, use the code Kurzgesagt for a 15% discount on your first data package and install the eSIM in advance.
67
It'll activate automatically when you arrive and you can start browsing right away.
68
You can also use Saley to feel like a local.
69
It now comes with an app-based phone number for voice calls and SMS that stays the same everywhere.
70
Perfect for local apps, shops and travel companions.
71
And to keep your real number private.
72
With just one app download, you've solved your internet problem while traveling once and for all, saving time and expensive roaming fees.
73
Download Saley and use the code KURTSGZAKT at checkout or go to saley.com slash KURTSGZAKT.
74
All you have to do is pick your next destination.
75
We'll go back to solving our trickier travel problems.
76
Everything should be sorted out now, right?
77
Well, there's only one small issue.
78
Space hates you.
79
The barrier of dust.
80
Unfortunately we'll run into a few obstacles on the way.
81
Literally.
82
Because while space is very empty, it's not actually empty.
83
There are energetic particles, gas, dust and things bigger than dust.
84
As a lot of unhappy people experience every day, if you're going really fast and smash into something, you have a huge problem.
85
And, at 20% the speed of light, this is true even if the thing you're smashing into is just an atom.
86
An individual iron atom
87
that hits your spaceship at this speed has enough energy to carve a damage track tenths of a millimetre deep.
88
Over time, its hull will be riddled with microscopic bullet holes, which is not great.
89
Of course, our engineers knew this and created a shield for our ship, a sort of protective sail that absorbs or at least slows down most molecules we smash into.
90
And while this makes the journey much safer, there are things floating around in space that are larger than atoms.
91
Running into a single grain of dust at 20% the speed of light is like running into a grenade, causing a tiny detonation as the dust explosively evaporates,
92
grinding away our protective shield.
93
But you can also hit something bigger than a grain of dust, like a small rock the size of a golf ball.
94
Hitting that at 20% the speed of light
95
releases more than double the energy of the nuclear bomb that was dropped over Hiroshima.
96
We'll not even talk about anything larger.
97
Atoms, dust, and pebbles are dangerous enough.
98
We might have reached our natural speed limit here.
99
Beside the fact that we don't have a good idea how we could possibly fly any faster, all of the damaging effects of hitting stuff floating around in the void get much worse fast.
100
Having said all that, it's probably fair to assume that with enough shielding, our spaceship should be able to survive traveling through space at
101
roughly 20% the speed of light long enough to get to at least nearby stars in a reasonable amount of time.
102
Only one more issue to overcome.
103
Almost everything in space that's close is super lame.
104
The first proper target outside the solar system is the Alpha Centauri system, which is roughly 10,000 years with our original slow,
105
more realistic ship, but only 20 years with our super-fast fictional ship.
106
So, let's cram a few unlucky humans into a tiny box for 20 years, and send them on their way, and assume they somehow make it without murdering each other.
107
Four years after their arrival, their message reaches Earth.
108
Earth.
109
People around the globe gather together and hold their breath, eager to listen to it.
110
We arrived.
111
Alpha Centauri and its planets are very pretty up close.
112
Unfortunately, they're all super deadly and uninhabitable.
113
But we're doing extremely cool astrophysics and are learning a lot, which is pretty exciting.
114
We're getting kind of tired of freeze-dried food and desperately need new shows to watch though.
115
Not sure what we were thinking coming here.
116
The thing about space is that almost all close destinations, if close means something different from what it usually means, are pretty lame.
117
Not from a scientific perspective, of course.
118
It would be an absolute dream to have the privilege to set foot on foreign planets
119
and marvel at the wonders of our universe.
120
But if 20% of the speed of light might be our speed limit, and we give humans a realistic travel time of say 40 years, we could reach things that are up to 8 light years away.
121
None of the targets remotely within this range within a human
122
lifetime may be worth traveling dozens of years in a tiny box through one of the deadliest environments imaginable.
123
Our solar system is a bit unlucky in that regard.
124
We're in a relatively empty pocket of the galaxy.
125
This might change in a few million years as we move through the galaxy and there might be small, localized star-spanning civilizations.
126
We discuss this in another video.
127
Let's say that we could go much further, to any of the stars within our stellar neighborhood, a sphere about 25 light years in diameter.
128
0.02% of the Milky Way, by the way.
129
This tiny bubble is currently inhabited by 34 stars and 6 brown dwarfs.
130
Only 3 stars in our neighborhood are similar to the Sun.
131
But one of them is actually the Sun, and another one is Alpha Centauri A.
132
The other stars close to us are mostly red dwarfs, with planets that vary from deadly to super deadly.
133
There are a few planets in the habitable zones of their stars, where water can be liquid.
134
But Mars is also in the habitable zone of the Sun, and it's really bad.
135
Even the planets that we think look most like Earth, like GJ1061D, come with no guarantees.
136
Imagine traveling your entire life, and then arriving at a Mars.
137
What a brutal letdown that would be!
138
There are a few stars that would be interesting targets, and may have actual habitable planets.
139
Planets with oceans and atmospheres that are breathable, which probably would mean that they have some form of microbial life, if not more.
140
It would be extremely interesting and definitely worth it to check them out.
141
But they could be dozens if not thousands of light years away, which means journeys of hundreds or thousands of years, even at a large fraction of the speed of light.
142
Of course, it is maybe feasible that a future humanity
143
that is technologically way more advanced than us and very motivated could find solutions.
144
Maybe they've solved biological aging and a travel time of a few hundred years doesn't seem that bad to them.
145
Maybe they could send AI spaceships with embryos or some version of that into space.
146
They probably have way more advanced telescopes to make sure they don't choose star systems that are deadly and empty.
147
But it's still hard to imagine without real science fiction technology how they could build and sustain a connected civilization.
148
Conclusion The longer you think about deep space the less it makes sense.
149
The distances are too vast.
150
There's a deadly speed limit and even
151
if we could solve these issues almost all destinations even remotely reachable may not be worth the trip.
152
Space is the greatest challenge humanity will ever face.
153
Right now, we're just not equipped or able to solve it.
154
Rockets, computers and even nuclear fusion reactors are hopelessly underpowered.
155
We need technology that's overwhelmingly transformative.
156
Something as wild to us as flying to the moon would have been to a hunter-gatherer.
157
Will we ever get there?
158
We genuinely don't know.
159
But it is good to remind yourself of something.
160
There are few things that make you look dumber than predicting the future of technology.
161
In 1903, the New York Times published an editorial, Flying Machines Which Do Not Fly,
162
that confidently predicted it would take humans 1 to 10 million years to achieve powered flight.
163
69 days later, the first successful flight happened.
164
66 years later, humans landed on the moon.
165
So, we really hope this video will seem as dumb as this article in 100 years.
166
And there's another option entirely, maybe our thinking about all of this is just completely wrong.
167
Maybe the future is not out there, but deep down.
168
But we'll explore that in another video.
169
The latest limited edition pin is here, continuing the cosmic time collection.
170
Predicting the future is really hard, but this device offers you a rare glimpse into the end of the universe.
171
one by one, all the stars will die until everything is swallowed by darkness.
172
Wear this animated lenticular pin as a reminder that you exist right now, in a brief and extraordinary moment in time
173
when the universe is still filled with stars and light and there's so much left to discover.
174
You're exactly where you belong in cosmic time and the universe.
175
Only 10,000 Vanishing Stars pins exist and each one is individually numbered.
176
Add it to your collection or start a new one while supplies last.
177
And while humanity may still be confined to a tiny corner of the cosmos, we've already achieved some remarkable things.
178
To celebrate these milestones, we created our Cosmic Milestones poster collection, featuring the first moon landing, the Mars rover Curiosity, and the Wilson Observatory,
179
all enhanced with shimmering foil details.
180
Get your favorite, or better, all of them, and create a gallery wall
181
that will inspire you every day and remind you of what humanity is capable of.
182
Head over to our shop, we've put together a few deals for you.
183
Get your special piece of Kurzgesagt and the Cosmos now.
📺 Mesmo canal
C1115
Can Earth Run Out of Water?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C1543
What If You Never Slept?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C189
Could Humans Evolve Flight?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
Your Skeleton Is Electric
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C17
3 Reasons Why Nuclear Energy Is Terrible! 2/3
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
Your Brain on Magic Mushrooms
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B23
Would You Upload Your Mind?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C164
What the Flu Does to Your Body
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C13
What Is Life? Is Death Real?
University StudentsWorking Adults
C12
Is War Over? — A Paradox Explained
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C1757
How Stress Changes Your Brain
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C15
How ADHD Medication Works
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
The Most Complex Language in the World
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C14
Your Brain Peaked at Birth
University StudentsWorking Adults
B25
Let’s Steal a New Moon
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C13
What Happens AFTER Nuclear War?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
3 Reasons Why Nuclear Energy Is Awesome! 3/3
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C14
Why Ebola Keeps Coming Back
University StudentsWorking Adults
B252
Can We Stop the Extinction?
University StudentsWorking Adults
B26
YOU Own the Moon. And Mars. And Venus.
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
✨ Vídeo recomendado
C171
15 frases
We Won’t Explore the Galaxy...
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C16
224 frases
Why Does Time Stop at the SPEED OF LIGHT? Feynman's Mind-Blowing Truth
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C13
215 frases
Joe & Matt Walsh Go Back and Forth on the Moon Landing Conspiracy
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B22
224 frases
20% Speed of Light!! NEW Light Engine is INSANE!
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
114 frases
There's a Giant Hole In Earth's History
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
47 frases
We Found Galaxies Too Old for the Universe
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
175 frases
What NASA Found on Io
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C156
66 frases
What science can’t answer, according to physicist Jim Al-Khalili | Big Think
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
143 frases
You Live Inside a Cosmic Hole... And there's a problem
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
124 frases
The Logistics of Living in Antarctica
American AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
530 frases
Human Immortality 4K | Can Science Defeat Aging?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação de nível C1 usa o vídeo “Why Humanity Will Never Leave The Solar System”. As palavras que mais se repetem: space, speed, star. Este vídeo tem 183 frases e 2329 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 13:51. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 168 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. Apenas 81% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
As 15 palavras mais avançadas do vídeo, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| spaceship substantivo | nave espacial, espaçonave | |
| atom substantivo | /ˈætəm/ | átomo |
| civilization substantivo | /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ | civilização |
| habitable adjetivo | /ˈhæbɪtəbəl/ | habitável |
| cosmic adjetivo | /ˈkɑz.mɪk/ | cósmico |
| predict verbo | /pɹɪˈdɪkt/ | prever |
| smash verbo | /smæʃ/ | destroçar, esmagar |
| nothingness substantivo | vacuidade | |
| cosmos substantivo | /ˈkɑzməs/ | cosmo, cosmos |
| unlucky adjetivo | /ʌnˈlʌki/ | azarado |
| milestone substantivo | /ˈmaɪlˌstoʊn/ | marco miliário, marco miliar |
| remotely advérbio | /ɹɪˈmoʊtli/ | remotamente |
| float verbo | /fləʊt/ | boiar, flutuar |
| fraction substantivo | /ˈfɹæk.ʃən/ | fração, fracção |
| probe substantivo | /pɹoʊb/ | sonda |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| check out verbo | verificar, sacar só |
| put together verbo | montar, construir |
| slow down verbo | desacelerar |
| sort out verbo | resolver, esclarecer |
Frases que vale a pena repetir
Frases curtas e completas do vídeo que você pode usar na conversa do dia a dia:
- We're pushing up against fundamental physics.
- You don't understand how large space is.
- Why don't we just go faster?
- We'll go back to solving our trickier travel problems.
- Will we ever get there?
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | We've made · have ever built · you've solved |
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | should be sorted · will be riddled · was dropped |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | Pluto, which will · light, which is · holes, which is |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 31 contrações e formas reduzidas, como don't, we'll, we're. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “th”: breathable /ˈbɹiːðəbəl/, breathtaking /ˈbɹɛθˌteɪ.kɪŋ/
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, smash /smæʃ/, fraction /ˈfɹæk.ʃən/, fusion /ˈfjuː.ʒən/, fictional /ˈfɪkʃənəl/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, habitable /ˈhæbɪtəbəl/, invisible /ɪnˈvɪzəb(ə)l/, antimatter /ˈæn.tiˌmæt.ɚ/, astrophysics /ˌæs.tɹoʊˈfɪz.ɪks/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: cosmic /ˈkɑz.mɪk/, predict /pɹɪˈdɪkt/, float /fləʊt/, probe /pɹoʊb/, animate /ˈæn.ə.mət/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: habitable /ˈhæbɪtəbəl/, invisible /ɪnˈvɪzəb(ə)l/, breathable /ˈbɹiːðəbəl/, molecule /ˈmɑ.lɪ.kjul/, obstacle /ˈɑbstəkəl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: habitable /ˈhæbɪtəbəl/, inhabited /ɪnˈhæbɪtɪd/, enhance /ɪnˈhæns/, unhappy /ʌnˈhæpi/, hull /hʌl/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como spaceship, atom, civilization.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.