跟讀練習: Why Humanity Will Never Leave The Solar System - 通過影片學習英語口語

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183 句
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The latest limited edition pin is here, now available on the Kurzgesag shop.
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You will never leave the solar system.
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Nobody alive today will.
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And maybe no human ever.
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Locked in by an invisible barrier, impossible to overcome for carbon-based animals like us.
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And not just us, there may be millions of alien civilizations in the universe, none of them ever able to venture into deep space in a meaningful way.
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Okay, but how can this be?
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We've made countless videos imagining how the exploration of the galaxy and beyond should just be a question of time,
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sort of mandatory for civilizations at a certain point.
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But there's a catch.
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We're pushing up against fundamental physics.
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What is this barrier made of dust and nothingness?
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And why is it so hard to overcome?
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You don't understand how large space is.
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We don't either.
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Conceptualizing the size of space is impossible for our ape brains
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that evolved to understand distances like right here and over the next hill.
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Space is so absurdly huge that we just check out and just hear very far.
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Very far and a million times very far feels the same.
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But it's not.
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To help our brains, let's start with what makes us cross distances.
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Speed.
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The fastest a human ever traveled in space were astronauts at 40,000 km an hour, returning from the Moon in 1969.
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Not bad, but way too slow.
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The fastest thing humans have ever built by far is the Parker Solar Probe, which at this moment uses a physics cheat code hurling around the gravity well of Venus,
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accelerating to get closer to the Sun.
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After seven years of doing this, the probe is shooting through space at a breathtaking 635,000 kilometers an hour.
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Fast enough to go around the world in four minutes or to cover the distance from Earth to the moon in 36.
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So let's pretend we had a spaceship that fast with a human crew ready to explore the universe.
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Current rockets would need seven to ten months to reach Mars, but our new spaceship covers the distance in just two weeks.
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Pretty good.
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The next stop is Pluto, which will reach after about a year.
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Okay, much longer, but still okay.
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It only takes two more years to pass the heliopause and one more to pass Voyager 2, which traveled over 50 years to get this far.
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Great!
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The next stop is the end of the Oort cloud, the true edge of the solar system where open space begins.
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We reach it in...
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2,500 years!
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Oh.
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Oh no.
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Not only did we travel for the amount of time it
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took to get from the founding of the Roman Republic to the present day, there's nothing out here.
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This is the invisible barrier, the barrier of nothingness that might trap us in the solar system forever.
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Space tends to be like that.
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There is a place that's very far away, but with human ingenuity and billions of dollars, we can get there.
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Then you zoom out one more time and all hope leaves your body.
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And the problem is that we've barely started zooming out.
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Why don't we just go faster?
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Well, we don't know of a non-magic way to travel faster than light, teleport or freeze people.
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So, no warp drive for now.
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But things like a propulsion system that uses nuclear fusion or antimatter, powerful enough to reach a substantial fraction of the speed of light, are in the realm of the physically possible.
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Ignoring the technical details and various problems that these energy sources have, we'll be very optimistic and make the reasonable assumption
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that we can get a spaceship to fly at around 20% the speed of light, which is extremely fast — 60,000 km per second,
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216 million km per hour.
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enough to reach the edge of the solar system in just 3.5 days
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and the outer edge of the Ork cloud in 8 years.
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Alpha Centauri, the closest star system to our own, in 20 years.
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We can work with that.
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There's only one small problem.
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We don't have internet!
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Wait, what?
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Just kidding.
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But our sponsor Saily can help you with that problem while traveling.
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Saily is the eSIM service app from the creators of NordVPN.
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You can choose from a wide range of affordable eSIM plans for over 200 destinations, so you'll never be without an internet connection while traveling.
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Just download the app, pick a data plan, use the code Kurzgesagt for a 15% discount on your first data package and install the eSIM in advance.
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It'll activate automatically when you arrive and you can start browsing right away.
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It now comes with an app-based phone number for voice calls and SMS that stays the same everywhere.
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Perfect for local apps, shops and travel companions.
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And to keep your real number private.
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Download Saley and use the code KURTSGZAKT at checkout or go to saley.com slash KURTSGZAKT.
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All you have to do is pick your next destination.
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We'll go back to solving our trickier travel problems.
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Everything should be sorted out now, right?
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Well, there's only one small issue.
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Space hates you.
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The barrier of dust.
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Unfortunately we'll run into a few obstacles on the way.
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Literally.
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Because while space is very empty, it's not actually empty.
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There are energetic particles, gas, dust and things bigger than dust.
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As a lot of unhappy people experience every day, if you're going really fast and smash into something, you have a huge problem.
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And, at 20% the speed of light, this is true even if the thing you're smashing into is just an atom.
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An individual iron atom
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that hits your spaceship at this speed has enough energy to carve a damage track tenths of a millimetre deep.
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Over time, its hull will be riddled with microscopic bullet holes, which is not great.
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Of course, our engineers knew this and created a shield for our ship, a sort of protective sail that absorbs or at least slows down most molecules we smash into.
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And while this makes the journey much safer, there are things floating around in space that are larger than atoms.
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Running into a single grain of dust at 20% the speed of light is like running into a grenade, causing a tiny detonation as the dust explosively evaporates,
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grinding away our protective shield.
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But you can also hit something bigger than a grain of dust, like a small rock the size of a golf ball.
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Hitting that at 20% the speed of light
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releases more than double the energy of the nuclear bomb that was dropped over Hiroshima.
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We'll not even talk about anything larger.
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Atoms, dust, and pebbles are dangerous enough.
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We might have reached our natural speed limit here.
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Beside the fact that we don't have a good idea how we could possibly fly any faster, all of the damaging effects of hitting stuff floating around in the void get much worse fast.
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Having said all that, it's probably fair to assume that with enough shielding, our spaceship should be able to survive traveling through space at
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roughly 20% the speed of light long enough to get to at least nearby stars in a reasonable amount of time.
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Only one more issue to overcome.
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Almost everything in space that's close is super lame.
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The first proper target outside the solar system is the Alpha Centauri system, which is roughly 10,000 years with our original slow,
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more realistic ship, but only 20 years with our super-fast fictional ship.
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So, let's cram a few unlucky humans into a tiny box for 20 years, and send them on their way, and assume they somehow make it without murdering each other.
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Four years after their arrival, their message reaches Earth.
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Earth.
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People around the globe gather together and hold their breath, eager to listen to it.
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We arrived.
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Alpha Centauri and its planets are very pretty up close.
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Unfortunately, they're all super deadly and uninhabitable.
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But we're doing extremely cool astrophysics and are learning a lot, which is pretty exciting.
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We're getting kind of tired of freeze-dried food and desperately need new shows to watch though.
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Not sure what we were thinking coming here.
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The thing about space is that almost all close destinations, if close means something different from what it usually means, are pretty lame.
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Not from a scientific perspective, of course.
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It would be an absolute dream to have the privilege to set foot on foreign planets
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and marvel at the wonders of our universe.
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But if 20% of the speed of light might be our speed limit, and we give humans a realistic travel time of say 40 years, we could reach things that are up to 8 light years away.
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None of the targets remotely within this range within a human
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lifetime may be worth traveling dozens of years in a tiny box through one of the deadliest environments imaginable.
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Our solar system is a bit unlucky in that regard.
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We're in a relatively empty pocket of the galaxy.
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This might change in a few million years as we move through the galaxy and there might be small, localized star-spanning civilizations.
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We discuss this in another video.
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Let's say that we could go much further, to any of the stars within our stellar neighborhood, a sphere about 25 light years in diameter.
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0.02% of the Milky Way, by the way.
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This tiny bubble is currently inhabited by 34 stars and 6 brown dwarfs.
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Only 3 stars in our neighborhood are similar to the Sun.
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But one of them is actually the Sun, and another one is Alpha Centauri A.
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The other stars close to us are mostly red dwarfs, with planets that vary from deadly to super deadly.
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There are a few planets in the habitable zones of their stars, where water can be liquid.
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But Mars is also in the habitable zone of the Sun, and it's really bad.
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Even the planets that we think look most like Earth, like GJ1061D, come with no guarantees.
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Imagine traveling your entire life, and then arriving at a Mars.
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What a brutal letdown that would be!
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There are a few stars that would be interesting targets, and may have actual habitable planets.
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Planets with oceans and atmospheres that are breathable, which probably would mean that they have some form of microbial life, if not more.
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It would be extremely interesting and definitely worth it to check them out.
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But they could be dozens if not thousands of light years away, which means journeys of hundreds or thousands of years, even at a large fraction of the speed of light.
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Of course, it is maybe feasible that a future humanity
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that is technologically way more advanced than us and very motivated could find solutions.
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Maybe they've solved biological aging and a travel time of a few hundred years doesn't seem that bad to them.
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Maybe they could send AI spaceships with embryos or some version of that into space.
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They probably have way more advanced telescopes to make sure they don't choose star systems that are deadly and empty.
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But it's still hard to imagine without real science fiction technology how they could build and sustain a connected civilization.
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Conclusion The longer you think about deep space the less it makes sense.
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The distances are too vast.
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There's a deadly speed limit and even
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if we could solve these issues almost all destinations even remotely reachable may not be worth the trip.
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Space is the greatest challenge humanity will ever face.
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Right now, we're just not equipped or able to solve it.
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Rockets, computers and even nuclear fusion reactors are hopelessly underpowered.
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We need technology that's overwhelmingly transformative.
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Something as wild to us as flying to the moon would have been to a hunter-gatherer.
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Will we ever get there?
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We genuinely don't know.
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But it is good to remind yourself of something.
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There are few things that make you look dumber than predicting the future of technology.
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In 1903, the New York Times published an editorial, Flying Machines Which Do Not Fly,
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that confidently predicted it would take humans 1 to 10 million years to achieve powered flight.
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69 days later, the first successful flight happened.
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66 years later, humans landed on the moon.
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So, we really hope this video will seem as dumb as this article in 100 years.
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And there's another option entirely, maybe our thinking about all of this is just completely wrong.
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Maybe the future is not out there, but deep down.
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But we'll explore that in another video.
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The latest limited edition pin is here, continuing the cosmic time collection.
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Predicting the future is really hard, but this device offers you a rare glimpse into the end of the universe.
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one by one, all the stars will die until everything is swallowed by darkness.
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Wear this animated lenticular pin as a reminder that you exist right now, in a brief and extraordinary moment in time
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when the universe is still filled with stars and light and there's so much left to discover.
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You're exactly where you belong in cosmic time and the universe.
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Only 10,000 Vanishing Stars pins exist and each one is individually numbered.
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Add it to your collection or start a new one while supplies last.
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And while humanity may still be confined to a tiny corner of the cosmos, we've already achieved some remarkable things.
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To celebrate these milestones, we created our Cosmic Milestones poster collection, featuring the first moon landing, the Mars rover Curiosity, and the Wilson Observatory,
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all enhanced with shimmering foil details.
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Get your favorite, or better, all of them, and create a gallery wall
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that will inspire you every day and remind you of what humanity is capable of.
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Head over to our shop, we've put together a few deals for you.
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本課的詞彙與口語要點

這節 C1 級別的口語課以影片“Why Humanity Will Never Leave The Solar System”為素材。 影片中反覆出現的詞有：space, speed, star。 這段影片共有 183 個句子、2329 個單詞可供跟讀。 講話部分時長為 13:51。 說話人語速自然，每分鐘約 168 個詞，接近日常對話。 只有 81% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙難度較高。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中最難的 15 個單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞發音釋義
spaceship 名詞太空船, 飛船 /飛船
atom 名詞/ˈætəm/原子
civilization 名詞/ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/文明
cosmic 形容詞/ˈkɑz.mɪk/宇宙的
predict 動詞/pɹɪˈdɪkt/預言 /預言
smash 動詞/smæʃ/粉碎
cosmos 名詞/ˈkɑzməs/太空, 宇宙
unlucky 形容詞/ʌnˈlʌki/不幸, 不走運 /不走運
milestone 名詞/ˈmaɪlˌstoʊn/里程碑
float 動詞/fləʊt/浮, 漂浮
fraction 名詞/ˈfɹæk.ʃən/部分
fusion 名詞/ˈfjuː.ʒən/核聚變 /核聚變
invisible 形容詞/ɪnˈvɪzəb(ə)l/無形 /無形, 隱形 /隱形
animate 形容詞/ˈæn.ə.mət/活的, 有生命的
antimatter 名詞/ˈæn.tiˌmæt.ɚ/反物質 /反物質

影片中出現的短語動詞

單詞發音釋義
zoom out 動詞/ˌzuːm ˈaʊt/縮小 /縮小
check out 動詞退房
put together 動詞拼合, 組合 /組合
slow down 動詞減速 /減速, 放慢

值得反覆跟讀的句子

影片中簡短而完整的句子，可以直接用在日常對話裡：

  • We're pushing up against fundamental physics.
  • You don't understand how large space is.
  • Why don't we just go faster?
  • We'll go back to solving our trickier travel problems.
  • Will we ever get there?

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構影片中的用法
現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事We've made · have ever built · you've solved
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的should be sorted · will be riddled · was dropped
定語從句 who / which + 從句 — 補充說明人或事物Pluto, which will · light, which is · holes, which is

需要注意的發音

說話人用了 31 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 don't, we'll, we're。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。

  • “th” 音: breathable /ˈbɹiːðəbəl/, breathtaking /ˈbɹɛθˌteɪ.kɪŋ/
  • “sh” 和 “zh” 音: civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, smash /smæʃ/, fraction /ˈfɹæk.ʃən/, fusion /ˈfjuː.ʒən/, fictional /ˈfɪkʃənəl/
  • 長單詞——注意重音位置: civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, habitable /ˈhæbɪtəbəl/, invisible /ɪnˈvɪzəb(ə)l/, antimatter /ˈæn.tiˌmæt.ɚ/, astrophysics /ˌæs.tɹoʊˈfɪz.ɪks/

中文母語者容易讀錯的音：

  • /v/ — 不要讀成 /w/，上齒輕觸下唇: civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, invisible /ɪnˈvɪzəb(ə)l/, overwhelmingly /ˌəʊ.vəˈwɛl.mɪŋ.lɪ/, motivate /ˈmoʊ.tɪ.veɪt/, rover /ˈɹoʊvɚ/
  • 詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: cosmic /ˈkɑz.mɪk/, predict /pɹɪˈdɪkt/, smash /smæʃ/, cosmos /ˈkɑzməs/, float /fləʊt/
  • /r/ 和 /l/ 的區別: remotely /ɹɪˈmoʊtli/, breathable /ˈbɹiːðəbəl/, accelerate /ɪkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪt/, stellar /ˈstɛl.əɹ/, particle /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/

如何用這段影片練習

  1. 先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
  2. 先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
  3. 錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 spaceship, atom, civilization 這類單詞。

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →