Практика Shadowing: Why Humans Run the World - Yuval Noah Harari on TED - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
Выберите режим практики
Каждый режим открывает полноэкранную комнату практики.
149 предложений
Если предложения слишком короткие или длинные, нажмите Edit, чтобы их изменить.
1
- 70,000 years ago, our ancestors were insignificant animals.
2
The most important thing to know about prehistoric humans is that they were unimportant.
3
Their impact on the world was not much greater than that of jellyfish or fireflies or woodpeckers.
4
Today in contrast, we control this planet.
5
And the question is how did we come from there to here?
6
How did we turn ourselves from insignificant apes minding their own business in a corner of Africa, into the rulers of planet Earth?
7
Usually, we look for the difference between us and all the other animals on the individual level.
8
We want to believe, I want to believe that there is something special about me, about my body, about my brain, that makes me so superior to a dog, or a pig, or a chimpanzee.
9
But the truth is, that on the individual level, I am embarrassingly similar to a chimpanzee.
10
And if you take me and a chimpanzee and put us together on some lonely island and we had to struggle for survival to see who survives better, I would definitely place my bets on the chimpanzee.
11
Not on myself.
12
And this is not something wrong with me personally.
13
I guess if they took almost any one of you and placed you alone with a chimpanzee on some island, the chimpanzee would do much better.
14
The real difference between humans and all other animals is not on the individual level, it's on the collective level.
15
Humans control the planet because they are the only animals that can cooperate both flexibly and in very large numbers.
16
Now there are other animals like the social insect, the bees, the ants, that can cooperate in large numbers, but they don't do so flexibly.
17
Their cooperation is very rigid.
18
There is basically just one way in which a beehive can function, and if there is a new opportunity or a new danger, the bees cannot reinvent the social system overnight.
19
They cannot, for example, execute the queen and establish a republic of bees or a communist dictatorship of worker bees.
20
Other animals, like the social mammals, the wolves, the elephants, the dolphins, the chimpanzees, they can cooperate much more flexibly.
21
But they do so only in small numbers, because cooperation among chimpanzees is based is on intimate knowledge, one of the other.
22
If I'm a chimpanzee and you're a chimpanzee, and I want to cooperate with you, I need to know you personally.
23
What kind of chimpanzee are you?
24
Are you a nice chimpanzee?
25
Are you an evil chimpanzee?
26
Are you trustworthy?
27
If I don't know you, how can I cooperate with you?
28
The only animals that can combine the two abilities together, and cooperate both flexibly and still do so in very large numbers, is us, Homo sapiens.
29
One versus one, or even 10 versus 10, chimpanzees might be better than us.
30
But if you pit 1,000 humans against 1,000 chimpanzees, the humans will win easily for the simple reason that a thousand chimpanzees cannot cooperate at all.
31
And if you now try to cram 100,000 chimpanzees into Oxford Street or into Wembley Stadium or Tiananmen Square or the Vatican, you will get chaos, complete chaos.
32
Just imagine Wembley Stadium with a hundred thousand chimpanzees, complete madness.
33
In contrast, humans normally gather there in tens of thousands and what we get is not chaos, usually.
34
What we get is extremely sophisticated and effective networks of cooperation.
35
All the huge achievements of humankind throughout history, whether it's building the pyramids or flying to the moon, have been based not on individual abilities, but on this ability to cooperate flexibly in large numbers.
36
Think even about this very talk that I'm giving now.
37
I'm standing here in front of an audience of about 300 or 400 people.
38
Most of you are complete strangers to me.
39
Similarly, I don't really know the people, all the people, who have organized and worked on this event.
40
I don't know the pilot and the crew members of the plane that brought me over here yesterday to London.
41
I don't know the people who invented and manufactured this microphone and these cameras which are recording what I'm saying.
42
I don't know the people who wrote all the books and articles that I've read in preparation for this talk.
43
And I certainly don't know all the people who might be watching this talk over the internet somewhere in Buenos Aires or in New Delhi.
44
Nevertheless, even though we don't know each other, we can work together to create this global exchange of ideas.
45
This is something chimpanzees cannot do.
46
They communicate, of course.
47
But you will never catch a chimpanzee traveling to some distant chimpanzee band to give them a talk about bananas, or about elephants, or anything else that might interest chimpanzees.
48
Now cooperation is, of course, not always nice.
49
All of the horrible things humans have been doing throughout history, and we have been doing some very horrible things, all those things are also based on large-scale cooperation.
50
Prisons are a system of cooperation.
51
Slaughterhouses are a system of cooperation.
52
Concentration camps are a system of cooperation.
53
Chimpanzees don't have slaughterhouses and prisons and concentration camps.
54
Now suppose I've managed to convince you, perhaps, that yes, we control the world because we can cooperate flexibly in large numbers.
55
The next question that immediately arises in the mind of inquisitive listener, is how exactly do we do it?
56
What enables us alone of all the animals, to cooperate in such a way?
57
The answer is our imagination.
58
We can cooperate flexibly with countless numbers of strangers, because we alone, of all the animals on the planet, can create and believe fictions, fictional stories.
59
And as long as everybody believes in the same fiction, everybody obeys and follows the same rules, the same norms, the same values.
60
All other animals use their communication system only to describe reality.
61
A chimpanzee may say, "Look, there is a lion.
62
"Let's run away." Or, "Look, there is a banana tree over there.
63
"Let's go and get bananas." Humans, in contrast, use their language not merely to describe reality, but also to create new realities, fictional realities.
64
A human can say, "Look, there is a God above the clouds, "and if you don't do what I tell you to do, "after you die, God will punish you "and send you to hell." And if you all believe these stories that I've invented, then you will follow the same norms and laws and values, and you can cooperate.
65
This is something only humans can do.
66
You can never convince a chimpanzee to give you a banana by promising him that after you die, you'll go to chimpanzee heaven, and you'll receive lots and lots of bananas for your good deeds.
67
So now give me this banana.
68
No chimpanzee will ever believe such a story.
69
Only humans believe such stories which is why we control the world, whereas the chimpanzees are locked up in zoos, in research laboratories.
70
Now you may find it acceptable, that yes, in the religious field, humans cooperate by believing in the same fictions.
71
Millions of people come together to build a cathedral or a mosque or fight on a crusade of a Jihad, because they all believe in the same stories about God and heaven and hell.
72
But what I want to emphasize is that exactly the same mechanism underlies all other forms of mass-scale human cooperation.
73
Not only in the religious field.
74
Take, for example, the legal field.
75
Most legal systems today in the world are based on a belief in human rights.
76
But what are human rights?
77
Human rights, just like God and heaven, are just a story that we've invented.
78
They are not an objective reality.
79
They are not some biological effect about Homo sapiens.
80
Take a human being, cut him open, look inside, you will find the heart, the kidneys, neurons, hormones, DNA.
81
But you won't find any rights.
82
The only place you find rights is in the stories that we haven't invented and spread around over the last few centuries.
83
They may be very positive stories, very good stories, but they are still just fictional stories that we've invented.
84
The same is true of the political field.
85
The most important factors in modern politics are states and nations.
86
But what are states and nations?
87
They are not an objective reality.
88
A mountain is an objective reality.
89
You can see it, you can touch it, you can even smell it.
90
But a nation or a state like Israel or Iran or France or Germany, this is just a story that we've invented and became extremely attached to.
91
The same is true of the economic field.
92
The most important actors today in the global economy, are companies and corporations.
93
Many of you, perhaps, work for a corporation like Google or Toyota or McDonald's.
94
What exactly are these things?
95
They are, what lawyers call, legal fictions.
96
They are stories invented and maintained by the powerful wizards we call lawyers.
97
And what do corporations do all day?
98
Mostly, they try to make money.
99
Yet what is money?
100
Again, money is not an objective reality, it has no objective value.
101
Take this green piece of paper, the dollar bill, look at it, it has no value.
102
You cannot eat it, you cannot drink it, you cannot wear it.
103
But then come along these master storytellers.
104
The big bankers, the finance ministers, the prime ministers, and they tell us a very convincing story.
105
"Look, you see this green piece of paper?
106
"It is actually worth 10 bananas." And if I believe it and you believe it and everybody believes it, it actually works.
107
I can take this worthless piece of paper, go to the supermarket, give it to a complete stranger whom I've never met before, and get in exchange real bananas which I can actually eat.
108
This is something amazing.
109
You can never do it with chimpanzees.
110
Chimpanzees trade, of course.
111
Yes, you give me a coconut, I'll give you a banana.
112
That can work.
113
But you give me a worthless piece of paper and you expect me to give you a banana?
114
No way, what do you thing I am, a human?
115
Money, in fact, is the most successful story ever invented and told by humans because it is the only story everybody believes.
116
Not everybody believes in God, not everybody believes in human rights, not everybody believes in nationalism, but everybody believes in money and in the dollar bill.
117
Take even Osama bin Laden, he hated American politics, and American religion, and American culture, but he had no objection to American dollars.
118
He was quite fond of them actually.
119
To conclude then, we humans control the world because we live in a dual reality.
120
All other animals live in an objective reality.
121
Their reality consists of objective entities, like rivers and trees and lions and elephants.
122
We humans, we also live in an objective reality.
123
In our world too, there are rivers and trees and lions and elephants.
124
But over the centuries, we have constructed on top of this objective reality, a second layer of fictional reality.
125
A reality made of fictional entities, like nations, like gods, like money, like corporations.
126
And what is amazing, that as history unfolded, this fictional reality became more and more powerful.
127
So that today, the most powerful forces in the world, are these fictional entities.
128
Today, the very survival of rivers and trees and lions and elephants depends on the decisions and wishes of fictional entities, like the United States, like Google, like the World Bank.
129
Entities that exist only in our own imagination.
130
Thank you. - Thank you, wow.
131
You have a new book out.
132
After Sapiens, you wrote another one and it's out in Hebrew but not yet translated into English.
133
- I'm working on the translation, as we speak.
134
- Okay and you, in the book, if I understand it correctly, you argue that actually the amazing breakthrough that we are experiencing right now, not only, will potentially make our life better, but they will create, and I quote you, "New classes and new class struggles "just as the Industrial Revolution did." Can you elaborate for us?
135
- Yes, in the Industrial Revolution, we saw the creation of a new class, of the urban proletariat, and much of the political and social history of the last 200 years, involved what to do with this class and the new problems and opportunities.
136
Now, we see the creation of a new massive class of useless people.
137
As computers become better and better in more and more fields, which is a distinct possibility, that computers will outperform us in most tasks and will make humans redundant, and then the big political and economic question of the 21st Century will be what do we need humans for?
138
Or at least, what do we need so many humans for?
139
- Do you have an answer in the book?
140
- At present, the best guess we have is keep them happy with drugs and computer games, but this doesn't sound like a very appealing future.
141
- Okay, so you basically say in the book and now, that for all the discussion about, you know, the growing evidence of significant economic inequality, we are just kind of at the beginning of the process?
142
- Again, it's not a processing.
143
It's seeing all kinds of possibilities before us.
144
One possibility is this creation of a new massive class of useless people.
145
Another possibility is the division of humankind into different biological casts with the rich being upgraded into virtual gods and the poor being degraded to this level of useless people.
146
- I feel there is another Ted Talk coming up in a year or two.
147
Thank you, Yuval. - Maybe.
148
- For making the trip, thank you.
149
- Thanks.
Скачать приложение
Всё для свободной речи
ИИ-оценка произношенияОценка каждой фразы
Практика IPAОсвойте каждый звук
СловарьСоберите свой словарный запас
Игра со словамиУчитесь играя
📺 Тот же канал
C1180
The uncomfortable truth | Yuval Noah Harari
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
The Jesus paradox | Yuval Noah Harari
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C122
A revolution that takes our power? | Yuval Noah Harari
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C112
Do you understand your own life? | Yuval Noah Harari
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
The next 50 years: humanity, AI, power | Yuval Noah Harari
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
Science Is Ignorance | Yuval Noah Harari
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
✨ Рекомендуемое видео
C17
13 предложений
Our Brains Are Not Special. But Why Are We?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C15
87 предложений
Why Meat is the Best Worst Thing in the World 🍔
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
59 предложений
Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 2 Passage 2
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C12
211 предложений
Why Did Ancient Humans Start Believing in Gods?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C1527
14 предложений
Tanya’s opinion on humans
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C15
48 предложений
Why birds don't crash (and what humans can learn from them)
British AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C13
364 предложений
Sapiens by Yuval Noah Harari | Read by Derek Perkins | Penguin Audiobooks
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C15
54 предложений
Why is walking humans’ superpower? – C1 English Listening Test
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
36 предложений
The True Nature of Donald Trump & Elon Musk | Matias De Stefano
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C18
30 предложений
Technology Made Us Human
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
166 предложений
The Hedgehog Theory: Why Your Favorite Smart Person Is (Probably) Full of Sh*t
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики уровня C1 построен на видео «Why Humans Run the World - Yuval Noah Harari on TED». Чаще всего повторяются слова: chimpanzee, reality, cooperate, animals, banana. В этом видео 149 предложений и 2319 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 17:08. Говорящий держит ровный темп — около 135 слов в минуту, удобный для шедоуинга. 82% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка; остальные стоит разобрать перед занятием.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
Самые сложные слова из видео (15), с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| chimpanzee существительное | /t͡ʃɪmˈpæn.zi/ | шимпанзе́ |
| cooperate глагол | /kəʊˈɒp.ə.ɹeɪt/ | сотру́дничать, коопери́ровать |
| banana существительное | /bəˈnænə/ | бана́н, бана́новое де́рево |
| invent глагол | /ɪnˈvɛnt/ | изобрета́ть, изобрести́ |
| fictional прилагательное | /ˈfɪkʃənəl/ | вы́мышленный, вы́думанный |
| elephant существительное | /ˈɛlɪfənt/ | слон, слони́ха |
| applause существительное | /əˈplɔːz/ | аплодисме́нты, рукоплеска́ние |
| slaughterhouse существительное | /ˈsloː.tə(ɹ).haʊs/ | бо́йня, резня́ |
| insignificant прилагательное | /ˌɪnsɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/ | незначи́тельный |
| worthless прилагательное | /ˈwɜːθ.ləs/ | ничего́ не сто́я́щий, бесполе́зный |
| norm существительное | /nɔːm/ | но́рма |
| ancestor существительное | /ˈæn.sɛs.tɚ/ | пре́док, прароди́тель |
| beehive существительное | /ˈbiːhaɪv/ | у́лей |
| energize глагол | /ˈɛnəd͡ʒaɪz/ | возбужда́ть, активизи́ровать |
| firefly существительное | /ˈfaɪ.ɚˌflaɪ/ | светля́к, светлячо́к |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Значение |
|---|---|
| come along глагол | сопровожда́ть, составля́ть компа́нию |
| run away глагол | сматываться, убега́ть |
Фразы, которые стоит повторять
Короткие законченные фразы из видео, которые пригодятся в повседневном разговоре:
- What kind of chimpanzee are you?
- Are you a nice chimpanzee?
- Are you an evil chimpanzee?
- If I don't know you, how can I cooperate with you?
- "Look, you see this green piece of paper?
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | have been based · have organized · I've read |
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | is based · have been based · are also based |
| Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете | people who invented · people who wrote · people who might |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 29 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например don't, I'm, I've. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «th»: worthless /ˈwɜːθ.ləs/, trustworthy /ˈtɹʌst.wɜː.ði/, breakthrough /ˈbɹeɪk.θɹuː/, cathedral /kəˈθiːdɹəl/
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: fictional /ˈfɪkʃənəl/, jellyfish /ˈd͡ʒɛliˌfɪʃ/, dictatorship /ˈdɪkteɪtəɹʃɪp/, objection /əbˈd͡ʒɛkʃən/, nationalism /ˈnæʃ(ə)nəˌlɪzəm/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: cooperate /kəʊˈɒp.ə.ɹeɪt/, insignificant /ˌɪnsɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/, embarrassingly /əmˈbɛɹəsɪŋli/, inquisitive /ɪŋˈkwɪzətɪv/, prehistoric /ˌpɹiː.hɪsˈtoɹ.ɪk/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Повторяйте предложение за предложением на обычной скорости, пока ваш ритм не совпадёт с ритмом говорящего.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как chimpanzee, cooperate, banana.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.