쉐도잉 연습: Developing a Growth Mindset with Carol Dweck - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기
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Thank you. Today I want to tell you about the power of "yet." I learned in High School in Chicago where students had to pass eighty four unity to graduate and if they didn't pass they got the grade "not yet." I thought, isn't that wonderful?
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Because if you fail you're nowhere but if you get the grade "not yet" you're on a learning curve.
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"Not yet" gave them a path into the future.
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And "not yet" also helped me understand a critical experience early in my career.
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To figure out how kids cope with challenge, I gave ten year olds some problems that were a little too difficult for them.
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Some of them reacted in a shockingly positive way.
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They said things like, "I love a challenge!" or "I was hoping this would be informative!" They understood that their abilities could grow through their hard work.
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They had what I would call a "growth mindset." But for other children it was tragic, catastrophic from their more fixed mindset perspective their core intelligence had been tested and devastated.
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Instead of the power of "yet" they were gripped by the "tyranny of now." So what did they do next?
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In one study, after a failure on a test, they said they'd cheat next time instead of study more.
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In another study they found someone who did worse than they did so they could feel better.
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And in many studies we found they run from difficulty.
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Let's look at how that looks in the brain.
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Moser and his colleagues measured from the brain as kids encountered errors.
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Processing the error shows up in red.
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If you look at the fixed mindset brain on the left nothing is happening.
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But if you look at the growth mind-set on the right it's on fire with "yet!" They're processing the error deeply learning from it and correcting it.
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So, how are we raising our kids?
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Are we raising them for a growth now or for "yet?" Are they focused on the next "A" or test score instead of dreaming big?
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Instead of thinking about what they want to be and how they want to contribute to society?
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And if they are too focused on "A's" and test scores, are they going to carry this with them into the future?
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Maybe. Because many employers are coming to me and saying, "we've already created a generation of young workers who can't get through the day without a reward." So, what can we do?
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How can we build that bridge to "yet?" First, we can praise wisely.
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Our research shows that when we praise kids for the process they engage in for their hard work, their strategies, their focus, their perseverance - they learn that challenge seeking.
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They learn that resilience.
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Praising talent, praising intelligence makes them vulnerable.
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There are other ways of rewarding "yet." We teamed up with game scientist at the University of Washington to create a math game: Brain points.
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The typical math game rewards right answers, right now.
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But not Brain Points.
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We rewarded process and the learning curve so effort, strategy and progress.
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The Brain Points game created more sustained learning and perseverance than the standard game.
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And just the words "yet" and "not yet" after a student has a set back we're finding creates greater confidence and greater persistence.
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We also can change students mind-sets directly.
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In one study, we taught students that every time they pushed out of their comfort zone to learn something really really hard and they stuck to it the neurons in their brain could form new, stronger connections and over time they could become smarter.
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Those who learned this lesson showed a sharp increase in their grades.
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Those who did not showed a decrease.
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We have done this with thousands of students now across the country with similar results.
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Especially for struggling students.
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So let's talk about equality.
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In our country there are groups of kids who chronically show poor performance and many people think that's inevitable.
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But when educators create growth mind-set environments steeped in "yet" equality can happen".
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Let me give you a few small examples.
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One teacher took her Harlem kindergarten class, many of whom could not hold a pencil for the first month, threw daily tantrums, she took them to the 95th percentile on the National Achievement Test.
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That same teacher took a fourth grade class in the South Bronx - way behind - she took them to the top of New York State on the state math test.
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That teacher is a Stanford grad and she's here today.
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And another Stanford grad, Phd student, now a professor, went back to her Native American reservation in the state of Washington.
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She transformed the elementary school in terms of a growth mind-set.
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That school had always been at the bottom of the district - at the bottom of the state!
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Within a year to a year and a half, the kindergarteners and first graders were at the top of the district in reading and reading-readiness.
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That district contained affluent sections of Seattle so the reservation kids outdid the Microsoft kids.
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And they did it because learning a growth mindset transformed the meaning of effort and difficulty.
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It used to mean they were dumb and now it means they have a chance to get smarter.
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Difficulty just meant "not yet." Last year I got a letter from a thirteen year old boy.
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He said, "Dear Professor Dweck, I read your book.
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I liked the fact that it was based on sound scientific research.
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That's why I decided to test out your growth mindset principles in three areas of my life.
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As a result, I'm earning higher grades, I have a better relationship with my parents, I have a better relationship with the other kids at school.
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I realize I've wasted most of my life." Let's not waste any more lives because the more we know that basic human abilities can be grown, the more it becomes a basic human right for kids - all kids, all adults - to live in environments that create that growth.
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To live in environments filled - overflowing - with "yet." Thank you.
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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트
이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 59개와 단어 1030개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 9:25입니다. 화자는 분당 약 109단어로 천천히 말해서 소리 하나하나를 따라 하기에 여유가 있습니다. 단어의 83%가 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속합니다. 나머지는 연습 전에 미리 확인해 두세요.
이 영상의 핵심 어휘
영상에 나오는 익혀 둘 만한 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 단어 | 발음 | 뜻 |
|---|---|---|
| reward 명사 | /ɹɪˈwɔɹd/ | 상, 보수 |
| praise 동사 | /pɹeɪz/ | 칭찬하다 |
| difficulty 명사 | /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/ | 어려움 |
| mathematics 명사 | /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/ | 수학 |
| equality 명사 | /ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/ | 평등, 균등 |
| curve 명사 | /kɚv/ | 곡선 |
| transform 동사 | /tɹænsˈfɔɹm/ | 변형시키다, 변형하다 |
| earn 동사 | /ɝn/ | 벌다 |
| sharp 형용사 | /ʃɑɹp/ | 날카로운 |
| lesson 명사 | /ˈlɛs.ən/ | 수업, 과 |
| deeply 부사 | /ˈdi(ː)pli/ | 깊이 |
| worker 명사 | /ˈwɝ.kɚ/ | 노동자, 로동자 |
| nowhere 부사 | /ˈnoʊ.(h)wɛɹ/ | 아무데도 |
| principle 명사 | /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/ | 원리, 원칙 |
| elementary 형용사 | /ˌɛləˈmɛntəɹi/ | 기본적 |
주의할 발음
화자는 you're, can't, didn't 같은 축약형과 약화된 형태를 11번 사용합니다. 들리는 대로 짧게 발음하세요.
- “th” 소리: mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, thirteen /ˌθɝtˈtin/
- “sh”와 “zh” 소리: reservation /ˌɹɛz.ɚˈveɪ.ʃən/, sharp /ʃɑɹp/
- 긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: difficulty /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, equality /ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/, reservation /ˌɹɛz.ɚˈveɪ.ʃən/, elementary /ˌɛləˈmɛntəɹi/
이 영상으로 연습하는 방법
- 먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
- 보통 속도로 한 문장씩 섀도잉하고, 화자의 리듬과 맞을 때까지 반복합니다.
- 자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, reward, praise, difficulty 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.
이 영상의 문법
화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 문형 | 영상 속 표현 |
|---|---|
| 수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점 | had been tested · were gripped · was based |
| 관계절 who / which + 절 — 사람이나 사물에 대한 추가 정보 | someone who did · Those who learned · Those who did |
| 현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때 | we've already created · have done · I've wasted |
쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법
쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.