쉐도잉 연습: Newton's Laws: Crash Course Physics #5 - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

We've been talking a lot about the science of how things move.

You throw a ball in the air, and there are ways to predict exactly how it will fall.

But there's something we've been leaving out.

Forces.

And why they make things accelerate.

And for that, we're going to turn to a physicist you've probably heard of.

Isaac Newton.

With his three laws, published in 1687 in his book Principia, Newton outlined his understanding of motion, and a lot of his ideas were totally new.

Today, more than 300 years later, if you're trying to describe the effects of forces on just about any everyday object – a box on the ground, a reindeer pulling a sleigh,

or an elevator taking you up to your apartment – then you're going to want to use Newton's laws.

And yes, I'll explain the reindeer thing later.

Newton's first law is all about inertia.

Which is basically an object's tendency to keep doing what it's doing.

It's often stated as an object in motion will remain in motion, and an object at rest will remain at rest, unless acted upon by a force.

Which is just another way of saying that to change the way something moves, to give it acceleration, you need a net force.

So how do we measure inertia?

Well, the most important thing to know is mass.

Say you have two balls that are the same size, but one is an inflatable beach ball and the other is a bowling ball.

The bowling ball is going to be harder to move, and harder to stop once it's moving.

It has more inertia because it has more mass.

Makes sense, right?

More mass means more stuff, with a tendency to keep doing what it was doing before your force came along and interrupted it.

And this idea connects nicely to Newton's second law.

Net force is equal to mass times acceleration.

Or, as an equation, F net equals ma.

It's important to remember that we're talking about net force here, the amount of force left over once you've added together all the forces that might cancel each other out.

Let's say you have a hockey puck sitting on a perfectly frictionless ice rink.

And I know they're not usually perfectly frictionless, but stick with it.

If you're pushing the puck along with a stick, that's a force on it that isn't being canceled out by anything else.

So the puck is experiencing acceleration.

But when the puck is just sitting still, or even when it's sliding across the ice after you've pushed it, then all the forces are balanced out.

That's what's known as equilibrium.

An object that's in equilibrium can still be moving, like the sliding puck, but its velocity won't be changing.

It's when the forces get unbalanced that you start to see the exciting stuff happen.

And probably the most common case of a net force making something move is the gravitational force.

Say you throw a 5 kilogram ball straight up in the air and then, you know, get out of the way, because that could really hurt if it hits you.

But the force of gravity is pulling down on the ball, which is accelerating downward at a rate of 9.81 meters per second squared.

So the net force is equal to Ma, but the only force acting here is gravity.

This means that if we could measure the acceleration of the ball, we'd be able to calculate the force of gravity.

And we can measure the acceleration.

It's 9.81 meters per second squared, the value we've been calling small g.

So the force of gravity on the ball must be 5 kilograms, which is the mass of the ball, small g, which comes to 49.05 kilograms times meters per second squared.

We use this equation for gravity so much that it's often just written as Fg equals mg.

That's how you determine the force of gravity, otherwise known as weight.

Now, those units can be a bit of a mouthful, so we just call them newtons.

That's right, we measure weight in newtons, in honor of Sir Isaac, and not in kilograms.

Kilograms are a measure of mass.

But gravity often isn't the only force acting on the object.

So when we're trying to calculate a net force, we usually have to take into account more than just gravity.

This is where we get into one of the forces that tends to show up a lot, which is explained by Newton's third law.

You probably know this law as for every action there's an equal but opposite reaction, which just means that if you exert a force on an object, it exerts an equal force back on you.

And that's what we call the normal force.

Normal, in this instance, means perpendicular, and the normal force is always perpendicular to whatever surface your object is resting on.

At least, it is when you're pushing on something big and macroscopic, like a table.

If you put a book down on a table, the normal force is pushing, and therefore pointing, up.

But if you put it on a ramp, the normal force is pointing perpendicular to the ramp.

Now, the normal force isn't like most other forces.

It's special, because it changes its magnitude.

Say you have a piece of aluminum foil stretched tightly across the top of a bowl, and then you put one lonely grape on top of it.

Because of gravity, that grape is exerting a little bit of force on the foil, and the normal force pushes right back with the same amount.

But then you add another grape, which doubles the force on the foil.

In that case, the normal force doubles, too.

That'll keep happening until eventually you add enough grapes that they break through the foil.

That's what happens when the normal force can't match the force pushing against it.

But what does Newton's famous third law really mean, though?

When I push on this desk with my finger right now, I'm applying a force to it, and it's applying an equal force right back on my finger – one that I can actually feel.

But if that's true – and it is – then why are we able to move things?

How can I pick up this mug?

Or how can a reindeer pull a sleigh?

Basically, things can move because there's more going on than just the action and reaction forces.

For example, when a reindeer pulls on a sleigh, Newton's third law tells us that the sleigh is pulling back on it with an equal force.

But the reindeer can still move the sleigh forward, because it's standing on the ground.

When it takes a step, it's pushing backward on the ground with its foot, and the ground is pushing it forward.

Meanwhile, the reindeer is also pulling on the sleigh, while the sleigh is pulling right back.

But the force from the ground pushing the reindeer forward is stronger than the force from the sleigh pulling it back.

So the animal accelerates forward, and so does the sleigh.

So one takeaway here is that there would be no Christmas without physics.

Now we have an idea of some of the forces we might encounter, let's describe what's happening when a box is sitting on the ground.

The first thing to do, which is the first thing you should always do when you're solving a problem like this, is to draw what's known as a free body diagram.

Basically, you draw a rough outline of the object, put a dot in the middle, and then draw and label arrows to represent all the forces.

We also have to decide which direction is positive.

In this case, we'll choose up to be positive.

For our box, the free body diagram is pretty simple.

There's an arrow pointing down, representing the force of gravity, and an arrow pointing up, representing the force of the ground, pushing back on the box.

Since the box is staying still, we know that it's not accelerating, which tells us that those forces are equal.

So the net force is equal to zero.

But what if you attach a rope to the top of the box, then connect it to the ceiling so the box is suspended in the air?

Your net force is still zero, because there's no acceleration on the box, and gravity is still pulling down in the same way it was before.

But now the counteracting upward force comes from the rope acting on the box, in what we call the tension force.

To make our example simpler, we almost always assume that ropes have no mass and are completely unbreakable.

No matter how much you pull on them, they'll pull right back.

Which means that the tension force isn't fixed.

If the box weighs 5 newtons, then the tension in the rope is also 5 newtons.

But if we add another 5 newtons of weight, the tension in the rope will become 10 newtons.

It's kind of like how the normal force changes with the grapes on the foil, but in this case, it's in response to a pulling force instead of a push.

The key is that no matter what, you can add the forces together to give you a particular net force, even though that net force might not always be zero.

Like in an elevator.

So let's say you're in an elevator, or as I call them, a lift.

The total mass of the lift, including you, is a thousand kilograms, and its movement is controlled by a counterweight attached to a pulley.

100

The plan is to set up a counterweight of 850 kilograms, and then let the lift go.

101

Once you let go, the lift is going to start accelerating downwards, because it's heavier than the counterweight.

102

And the hope is that the counterweight will keep it from accelerating too much.

103

But how will we know if it's safe?

104

How quickly is the lift going to accelerate downward?

105

To find out, let's first draw a free-body diagram for the lift, making up the positive direction.

106

The force of gravity on the lift is pulling it down, and it's equal to the mass of the lift times small g.

107

9,810 newtons of force in the negative direction.

108

And the force of tension is pulling the lift up in the positive direction.

109

Which means that for the lift, the net force is equal to the tension force minus the mass of the lift times small g.

110

Now, since Newton's first law tells us that F net equals ma,

111

we can set all of that to be equal to the lift's mass times some downward acceleration, minus a.

112

That's what we're trying to solve for.

113

So let's do the same thing for the counterweight.

114

Gravity is pulling it down with 8,338.5 Newtons of force in the negative direction.

115

And again, the force of tension is pulling it up, so that the net force is equal to the tension force minus the mass of the counterweight times small g.

116

And again, because of Newton's second law, we know that all of that is equal to the mass of the counterweight times that same acceleration, a, which is positive this time,

117

since the counterweight is moving upwards.

118

So, putting all of that together, we end up with two equations and two unknowns.

119

We don't have a value for the tension force, and we don't have a value for acceleration.

120

But what we're trying to solve for is the acceleration, so we use algebra to do that.

121

When you have a system of equations like this, you can add or subtract all the terms on each side of the equals sign to turn them into one equation.

122

For example, if you know that 1 plus 2 equals 3, and that 4 plus 2 equals 6,

123

you can subtract the first equation from the second to get 3 equals 3.

124

And in our case with the lift, subtracting the first equation from the second gets rid of the term that represents the tension force.

125

We now just have to solve for acceleration, meaning we need to rearrange the equation to set everything equal to A.

126

We end up with an equation that really just says that A is equal to the difference between the weights, or the net force, on the system, divided by the total mass.

127

Essentially, this is just a fancier version of F net equals ma.

128

And we can solve that for a, which turns out to be 0.795 meters per second squared.

129

Which is not that much acceleration at all.

130

So as long as you aren't dropping too far down, you should be fine.

131

Even if the landing's a little bumpy.

132

In this episode, you learned about Newton's three laws of motion, how inertia works, that net force is equal to mass times acceleration,

133

how physicists define equilibrium, and all about the normal force and the tension force.

134

Crash Course Physics is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios.

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You can head over to their channel to check out amazing shows like BrainCraft, It's OK to be Smart and PBS Idea Channel.

136

This episode of Crash Course was filmed in the Dr. Cheryl C.

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Kinney's Crash Course Studio with the help of these amazing people and our graphics team is Thought Cafe.

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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트

이 C1 수준 말하기 레슨은 영상 “Newton's Laws: Crash Course Physics”을(를) 바탕으로 합니다. 가장 자주 반복되는 단어는 다음과 같습니다: force, equal, net, mass, acceleration. 이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 137개와 단어 2220개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 10:50입니다. 화자는 분당 약 205단어로 빠르게 말하므로 연음과 약하게 발음되는 소리가 많습니다. 단어의 83%가 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속합니다. 나머지는 연습 전에 미리 확인해 두세요.

이 영상의 핵심 어휘

영상에서 가장 어려운 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.

단어	발음	뜻
acceleration 명사	/əkˌsɛl.əˈɹeɪ.ʃən/	가속
equation 명사	/ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/	방정식
newton 명사	/ˈn(j)uːtən/	뉴턴
kilogram 명사	/ˈkɪləɡɹæm/	킬로그램, 키로
reindeer 명사	/ˈɹeɪndɪɹ/	순록
grape 명사	/ɡɹeɪp/	포도
foil 명사	/fɔɪl/	포일
rope 명사	/ɹoʊp/	밧줄, 로프
meter 명사	/ˈmitəɹ/	계량기
perpendicular 형용사	/ˌpɜː.pənˈdɪk.jə.lə(ɹ)/	수직의
subtract 동사	/səbˈtɹækt/	빼다
equilibrium 명사	/ɛkwɪˈlɪbɹɪəm/	평형
diagram 명사	/ˈdaɪ.ə.ɡɹæm/	다이어그램, 도표
minus	/ˈmaɪ.nəs/	빼기
physicist 명사	/ˈfɪzɪsɪst/	물리학자

영상에 나오는 구동사

단어	뜻
pick up 동사	줍다

따라 말해 볼 만한 문장

영상에 나오는 짧고 완결된 문장으로, 일상 대화에서 그대로 쓸 수 있습니다:

How can I pick up this mug?
In this case, we'll choose up to be positive.
But how will we know if it's safe?
That's what we're trying to solve for.

이 영상의 문법

화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.

문형	영상 속 표현
현재완료진행 have/has been + -ing — 전에 시작해 지금도 계속되는 동작	We've been talking · we've been leaving · we've been calling
수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점	being canceled · are balanced · is explained
현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때	you've probably heard · you've added · you've pushed
관계절 who / which + 절 — 사람이나 사물에 대한 추가 정보	ball, which is · kilograms, which is · lot, which is

주의할 발음

화자는 you're, we're, isn't 같은 축약형과 약화된 형태를 33번 사용합니다. 들리는 대로 짧게 발음하세요.

“sh”와 “zh” 소리: acceleration /əkˌsɛl.əˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/, inertia /ɪnˈɝ.ʃə/, gravitational /ˌɡɹævɪˈteɪʃənəl/
긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: acceleration /əkˌsɛl.əˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, accelerate /ɪkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪt/, perpendicular /ˌpɜː.pənˈdɪk.jə.lə(ɹ)/, equilibrium /ɛkwɪˈlɪbɹɪəm/, elevator /ˈɛləˌveɪtɚ/

한국어 화자가 어려워하는 소리:

/f/ — ㅍ(/p/)으로 바꾸지 말고 윗니를 아랫입술에 대기: foil /fɔɪl/, physicist /ˈfɪzɪsɪst/, inflatable /ɪnˈfleɪtəbəl/, mouthful /ˈmaʊθfʊl/
/v/ — ㅂ(/b/)과 구별하기: elevator /ˈɛləˌveɪtɚ/, gravitational /ˌɡɹævɪˈteɪʃənəl/, velocity /vəˈlɑsəti/
/z/ — ㅈ이 아니라 성대를 울리는 /s/: exert /ɪɡˈzɝt/, physicist /ˈfɪzɪsɪst/, downwards /ˈdaʊnwɚdz/, upwards /ˈʌpwɚdz/

이 영상으로 연습하는 방법

먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
0.75배속으로 한 문장씩 섀도잉을 시작하고, 익숙해지면 보통 속도로 돌아갑니다.
자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, acceleration, equation, newton 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법

쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.

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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트

이 영상의 핵심 어휘

영상에 나오는 구동사

따라 말해 볼 만한 문장

이 영상의 문법

주의할 발음

이 영상으로 연습하는 방법

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법