쉐도잉 연습: What happens when you remove the hippocampus? - Sam Kean - YouTube로 영어 말하기 배우기
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On September 1, 1953, William Scoville used a hand crank and a cheap drill saw to bore into a young man's skull,
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cutting away vital pieces of his brain and sucking them out through a metal tube.
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But this wasn't a scene from a horror film or a gruesome police report.
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Dr. Scoville was one of the most renowned neurosurgeons of his time,
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The young man was Henry Malayason,
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the famous patient known as H.M.,
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whose case provided amazing insights into how our brains work.
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As a boy, Henry had cracked his skull in an accident and soon began having seizures,
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blacking out, and losing control of bodily functions.
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After enduring years of frequent episodes and even dropping out of high school,
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the desperate young man had turned to Dr. Scoville,
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a daredevil known for risky surgeries.
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Partial lobotomies had been used for decades to treat mental patients,
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based on the notion that mental functions were strictly localized to corresponding brain areas.
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Having successfully used them to reduce seizures in psychotics,
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Scoville decided to remove H.M.'s hippocampus,
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a part of the limbic system that was associated with emotion,
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but whose function was unknown.
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At first glance, the operation had succeeded.
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H.M.'s seizures virtually disappeared, with no change in personality,
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and his IQ even improved.
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But there was one problem.
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His memory was shot.
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Besides losing most of his memories from the previous decade, H.M was unable to form new ones,
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forgetting what day it was,
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repeating comments, and even eating multiple meals in a row.
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When Scoville informed another expert,
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Wilder Penfield, of the results,
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he sent a PhD student named Brenda Milner to study HM at his parents' home,
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where he now spent his days doing odd chores and watching classic movies for the first time,
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over and over.
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What she discovered through a series of tests and interviews didn't just contribute greatly to the study of memory.
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It redefined what memory even meant.
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One of Milner's findings shed light on the obvious fact that although H.M couldn't form new memories,
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he still retained information long enough from moment to moment to finish a sentence or find the bathroom.
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When Milner gave him a random number,
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he managed to remember it for 15 minutes by repeating it to himself constantly.
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But only five minutes later,
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he forgot the test had even taken place.
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Neuroscientists had thought of memory as monolithic,
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all of it essentially the same,
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and stored throughout the brain.
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Milner's results were not only the first clue for the now familiar distinction between short-term and long-term memory,
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but showed that each uses different brain regions.
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We now know that memory formation involves several steps.
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After immediate sensory data is temporarily transcribed by neurons in the cortex,
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it travels to the hippocampus,
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where special proteins work to strengthen the cortical-synaptic connections.
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If the experience was strong enough,
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or we recall it periodically in the first few days,
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the hippocampus then transfers the memory back to the cortex for permanent storage.
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HM's mind could form the initial impressions,
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but without a hippocampus to perform this memory consolidation,
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they eroded like messages scrawled in sand.
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But this was not the only memory distinction Milner found.
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In a now-famous experiment,
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she asked H.M to trace a third star in the narrow space between the outlines of two concentric ones,
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while he could only see his paper and pencil through a mirror.
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Like anyone else performing such an awkward task for the first time, he did horribly.
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But surprisingly, he improved over repeated trials,
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even though he had no memory of previous attempts.
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His unconscious motor centers remembered remembered what the conscious mind had forgotten.
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What Milner had discovered was that the declarative memory of names,
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dates, and facts is different from the procedural memory of riding a bicycle or signing your name.
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And we now know that procedural memory relies more on the basal ganglia and cerebellum,
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structures that were intact in H.M.'s brain.
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This distinction between knowing that and knowing how has underpinned all memory research since.
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H.M died at the age of 82 after a mostly peaceful life in a nursing home.
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Over the years, he had been examined by more than 100 neuroscientists,
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making his the most studied mind in history.
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Upon his death, his brain was preserved and scanned before being cut into over 2,000 individual slices
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and photographed to form a digital map down to the level of individual neurons,
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all in a live broadcast watched by 400,000 people.
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Though H.M spent most of his life forgetting things,
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he and his contributions to our understanding of memory will be remembered for generations to come.
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Thank you.
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이번 레슨 소개
이번 레슨에서는 "해마를 제거하면 어떤 일이 발생할까?"라는 주제를 통해 기억의 형성과 기능에 대해 배웁니다. 이 강의에서는 해마가 메모리 형성과 관련된 역할을 어떻게 수행하는지, 그리고 H.M.이라는 유명한 사례를 통해 기억의 다양한 유형에 대해 알아볼 것입니다. 여러분은 이 내용을 바탕으로 자신의 영어회화 능력을 발전시키고, 스피킹 및 Shadowing 연습을 할 수 있습니다.
핵심 어휘 및 구문
- hippocampus (해마): 기억 형성에 중요한 역할을 하는 뇌의 일부
- memory consolidation (기억 통합): 단기 기억이 장기 기억으로 변형되는 과정
- declarative memory (선언적 기억): 이름, 날짜, 사실 등을 기억하는 능력
- procedural memory (절차적 기억): 자전거 타기나 서명하기와 같은 기술적 기억
- seizures (발작): 갑작스럽고 비정상적인 전기 활동으로 인한 현상
- neuroscientists (신경 과학자들): 뇌 및 신경계 연구에 종사하는 과학자들
- cortex (피질): 뇌의 외부 층, 감각 데이터를 처리하는 곳
연습 팁
이 비디오의 속도와 톤에 맞추어 Shadowing 연습을 하세요. 비디오를 처음 시청할 때는 천천히 재생 속도를 낮추고, 발음과 억양에 집중하여 따라 말해보세요. 특히 H.M.의 사례를 설명하는 부분에서는 다양한 감정을 실어 말하는 연습을 통해 영어 회화 능력을 개선할 수 있습니다. 또한, 유튜브 영어 공부를 하며 반복적으로 시청하여 귀로 듣고 입으로 따라하는 방식으로, 자신만의 shadowspeak 기술을 향상시키세요.
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