Shadowing Practice: A Civil Lawsuit Explained in Steps | The Civil Litigation Process - Learn English Speaking with Video
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A civil lawsuit can seem complex and, for the most of us, confusing.
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Civil lawsuits aren't actually too hard to understand.
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We broke down the basic steps of the civil lawsuit process
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to help our clients better understand what exactly is going on with their lawsuit.
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A civil lawsuit, which is sometimes also called civil litigation, is a lawsuit based on non-criminal statutes,
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meaning it's a separate entity from a criminal proceeding.
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A civil lawsuit is a dispute that's handled legally by the courts, such as a personal injury lawsuit.
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Civil litigation goes through specific steps or proceedings.
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First and foremost, you should consult with potential representatives for legal advice.
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Before anything else, it's important that you consult with a personal injury attorney about your potential personal injury lawsuit.
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You should also be sure that your case falls within the state statute of limitations.
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An open and honest consultation will give you the most accurate prediction of the outcome of your case.
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After an initial consultation, your civil lawsuit case will follow four common steps.
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Pleadings, discovery, trial, appeal.
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The pleadings are the initial step in the civil lawsuit.
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Each side or party will follow paperwork in the right court to explain their side of the story.
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The person bringing the lawsuit or plaintiff will file the complaint.
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The person being alleged of wrongdoing or defendant will file an answer.
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Personal Jurisdiction For a court to have personal jurisdiction over a defendant, the individual or company must have an appropriate relationship to the forum county,
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state, or federal district district and the defendant must be served properly.
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Subject matter jurisdiction.
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Depending on the type of lawsuit you're filing, your case may be heard in either federal or state court.
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Venue.
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Your case must be filed in an appropriate court based on proximity to where the incident in question occurred
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or where the parties are located.
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The complaint is a formal document filed by the plaintiff with the court.
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The complaint generally contains an explanation for why the the court holds jurisdiction over the case as well.
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The answer is a response to the plaintiff's complaint.
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The answer details the defendant's description of the events that led to the dispute, outlining any inaccuracies or falsehoods that they find in the complaint.
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As a response to the replies or in the instance
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that one party requests clarification over legal theories or allegations in the other party's pleadings, a complaint or answer may be amended.
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After both parties have completed the pleading process, both parties will enter discovery.
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Discovery is a process in which both parties begin to obtain information to help strengthen their arguments.
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Each party will obtain evidence through demands for production of documents, depositions of parties and witnesses, written interrogatories, written requests for admissions of fact,
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and examination of the scene and the petitions and motions employed to enforce discovery rights.
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Before the trial begins, either during the discovery process or shortly after, parties may use motions to ask the court to rule or act.
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After discovery has ended, if the dispute is not resolved out of court, the civil lawsuit will move to trial.
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Before the trial begins, both parties will submit a brief to the judge.
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Trials involving a judge and no jury are referred to as bench trials, or the trial can be set to be decided by a jury.
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Once the trial begins, both parties present their opening statements.
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Opening statements are the brief outlines of the party's arguments.
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After opening statements are made, each party introduces its case.
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The plaintiff always presents its case first.
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The defense presents its case after.
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After the defense has presented its case, the plaintiff has one last opportunity to present additional evidence, known as rebuttal evidence.
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Each party will present its case using evidence which can include documents, expert testimony, or exhibits that support its argument.
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After a witness is examined by one party, the opposing party can choose to cross-examine the witness.
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In a jury trial, after closing arguments, the jury deliberates for a period of time until a verdict is reached.
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In a bench trial, the judge deliberates for a period of time until a decision or verdict is reached.
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After the verdict is made, a party can choose to challenge the verdict.
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These challenges are more common during jury trials because errors
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and disregard of the law or legal definitions occur more often by juries.
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If a party does not agree with the result of the trial, they can appeal the decision.
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If a decision is appealed, then the civil lawsuit is presented to an appellate court that reviews the previous proceedings of the lawsuit.
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Each party will submit a brief and a record of evidence from trial to the appellate court.
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The appellate court looks for any errors in legality made during the pretrial or trial proceedings.
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After reviewing the proceedings, the appellate court releases an opinion, which is the appellate court's decision.
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The opinion can either affirm the verdict made by the trial court or find an error.
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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les
Deze spreekles is gebaseerd op de video “A Civil Lawsuit Explained in Steps”. Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: lawsuit, trial, civil, parties, complaint. Deze video bevat 58 zinnen en 846 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 5:08. De spreker praat in een natuurlijk tempo van ongeveer 165 woorden per minuut, dicht bij een alledaags gesprek. Slechts 78% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden, dus de woordenschat is pittig.
Belangrijke woorden in deze video
15 woorden uit de video die het leren waard zijn, met uitspraak en betekenis:
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| lawsuit zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈlɔˌs(j)ut/ | rechtszaak, zaak |
| discovery zelfstandig naamwoord | /dɪˈskʌv.ɹi/ | ontdekking, vinding |
| complaint zelfstandig naamwoord | /kəmˈpleɪnt/ | klacht, beklag |
| verdict zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈvɜː.dɪkt/ | uitspraak, oordeel |
| proceedings zelfstandig naamwoord | /pɹəˈsiːd.ɪŋz/ | afloop |
| dispute zelfstandig naamwoord | /dɪˈspjuːt/ | geschil, twist |
| defendant zelfstandig naamwoord | /dɪˈfɛnd.ənt/ | verdachte, verweerder |
| occur werkwoord | /əˈkɜː/ | plaatsvinden |
| obtain werkwoord | /əbˈteɪn/ | verkrijgen |
| bench zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈbɛnt͡ʃ/ | bank, zitbank |
| submit werkwoord | /səbˈmɪt/ | zich onderwerpen, toegeven |
| examine werkwoord | /ɪɡˈzæmɪn/ | onderzoeken |
| consultation zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˌkɑnsəlˈteɪʃən/ | consultatie, samenspraak |
| litigation zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˌlɪtɪˈɡeɪ̯ʃən/ | procesvoering, proces |
| outline zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈaʊtlaɪn/ | omtrek |
Phrasal verbs die je zult horen
| Woord | Betekenis |
|---|---|
| break down werkwoord | stukgaan, kapot gaan |
Grammatica in deze video
De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:
| Structuur | In de video |
|---|---|
| Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet | is sometimes also called · being alleged · must be served |
| Present perfect have/has + voltooid deelwoord — iets uit het verleden dat nu nog telt | have completed · has ended · has presented |
| Betrekkelijke bijzinnen who / which + zin — extra informatie over een persoon of ding | lawsuit, which is · evidence which can · opinion, which is |
Uitspraak om op te letten
- De klanken “sh” en “zh”: jurisdiction /d͡ʒʊɹɪsˈdɪkʃən/, consultation /ˌkɑnsəlˈteɪʃən/, litigation /ˌlɪtɪˈɡeɪ̯ʃən/, shortly /ˈʃɔɹtli/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/
- Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: jurisdiction /d͡ʒʊɹɪsˈdɪkʃən/, consultation /ˌkɑnsəlˈteɪʃən/, litigation /ˌlɪtɪˈɡeɪ̯ʃən/, deliberate /dɪˈlɪb.(ə.)ɹət/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/
Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:
- Stemhebbende eindmedeklinker — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ niet verscherpen: proceedings /pɹəˈsiːd.ɪŋz/, involve /ɪnˈvɑlv/, depend /dɪˈpɛnd/, proceed /pɹəˈsid/, resolve /ɹɪˈzɑlv/
- /æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: examine /ɪɡˈzæmɪn/, statute /ˈstæt͡ʃuːt/, examination /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, clarification /ˌklæɹɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, allegation /ˌæl.ɪˈɡeɪ.ʃən/
- /g/ — een harde plofklank, geen Nederlandse “g”: examine /ɪɡˈzæmɪn/, litigation /ˌlɪtɪˈɡeɪ̯ʃən/, examination /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, legally /ˈliːɡəli/, exhibit /ɪɡˈzɪbɪt/
Zo oefen je met deze video
- Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
- Begin op 0,75× snelheid, spreek zin voor zin na en ga terug naar normale snelheid zodra het makkelijk gaat.
- Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als lawsuit, discovery, complaint.
Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?
Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.