Pratique du Shadowing: A Civil Lawsuit Explained in Steps | The Civil Litigation Process - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo

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A civil lawsuit can seem complex and, for the most of us, confusing.

Civil lawsuits aren't actually too hard to understand.

We broke down the basic steps of the civil lawsuit process

to help our clients better understand what exactly is going on with their lawsuit.

A civil lawsuit, which is sometimes also called civil litigation, is a lawsuit based on non-criminal statutes,

meaning it's a separate entity from a criminal proceeding.

A civil lawsuit is a dispute that's handled legally by the courts, such as a personal injury lawsuit.

Civil litigation goes through specific steps or proceedings.

First and foremost, you should consult with potential representatives for legal advice.

Before anything else, it's important that you consult with a personal injury attorney about your potential personal injury lawsuit.

You should also be sure that your case falls within the state statute of limitations.

An open and honest consultation will give you the most accurate prediction of the outcome of your case.

After an initial consultation, your civil lawsuit case will follow four common steps.

Pleadings, discovery, trial, appeal.

The pleadings are the initial step in the civil lawsuit.

Each side or party will follow paperwork in the right court to explain their side of the story.

The person bringing the lawsuit or plaintiff will file the complaint.

The person being alleged of wrongdoing or defendant will file an answer.

Personal Jurisdiction For a court to have personal jurisdiction over a defendant, the individual or company must have an appropriate relationship to the forum county,

state, or federal district district and the defendant must be served properly.

Subject matter jurisdiction.

Depending on the type of lawsuit you're filing, your case may be heard in either federal or state court.

Venue.

Your case must be filed in an appropriate court based on proximity to where the incident in question occurred

or where the parties are located.

The complaint is a formal document filed by the plaintiff with the court.

The complaint generally contains an explanation for why the the court holds jurisdiction over the case as well.

The answer is a response to the plaintiff's complaint.

The answer details the defendant's description of the events that led to the dispute, outlining any inaccuracies or falsehoods that they find in the complaint.

As a response to the replies or in the instance

that one party requests clarification over legal theories or allegations in the other party's pleadings, a complaint or answer may be amended.

After both parties have completed the pleading process, both parties will enter discovery.

Discovery is a process in which both parties begin to obtain information to help strengthen their arguments.

Each party will obtain evidence through demands for production of documents, depositions of parties and witnesses, written interrogatories, written requests for admissions of fact,

and examination of the scene and the petitions and motions employed to enforce discovery rights.

Before the trial begins, either during the discovery process or shortly after, parties may use motions to ask the court to rule or act.

After discovery has ended, if the dispute is not resolved out of court, the civil lawsuit will move to trial.

Before the trial begins, both parties will submit a brief to the judge.

Trials involving a judge and no jury are referred to as bench trials, or the trial can be set to be decided by a jury.

Once the trial begins, both parties present their opening statements.

Opening statements are the brief outlines of the party's arguments.

After opening statements are made, each party introduces its case.

The plaintiff always presents its case first.

The defense presents its case after.

After the defense has presented its case, the plaintiff has one last opportunity to present additional evidence, known as rebuttal evidence.

Each party will present its case using evidence which can include documents, expert testimony, or exhibits that support its argument.

After a witness is examined by one party, the opposing party can choose to cross-examine the witness.

In a jury trial, after closing arguments, the jury deliberates for a period of time until a verdict is reached.

In a bench trial, the judge deliberates for a period of time until a decision or verdict is reached.

After the verdict is made, a party can choose to challenge the verdict.

These challenges are more common during jury trials because errors

and disregard of the law or legal definitions occur more often by juries.

If a party does not agree with the result of the trial, they can appeal the decision.

If a decision is appealed, then the civil lawsuit is presented to an appellate court that reviews the previous proceedings of the lawsuit.

Each party will submit a brief and a record of evidence from trial to the appellate court.

The appellate court looks for any errors in legality made during the pretrial or trial proceedings.

After reviewing the proceedings, the appellate court releases an opinion, which is the appellate court's decision.

The opinion can either affirm the verdict made by the trial court or find an error.

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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon

Cette leçon d’expression orale s’appuie sur la vidéo « A Civil Lawsuit Explained in Steps ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : lawsuit, trial, civil, parties, complaint. Cette vidéo contient 58 phrases et 846 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 5:08. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 165 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. Seuls 78 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.

Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo

15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :

Mot	Prononciation	Sens
lawsuit nom	/ˈlɔˌs(j)ut/	poursuite judiciaire, procès
discovery nom	/dɪˈskʌv.ɹi/	découverte
complaint nom	/kəmˈpleɪnt/	plainte, réclamation
verdict nom	/ˈvɜː.dɪkt/	verdict
proceedings nom	/pɹəˈsiːd.ɪŋz/	compte-rendu
jurisdiction nom	/d͡ʒʊɹɪsˈdɪkʃən/	juridiction
dispute nom	/dɪˈspjuːt/	dispute, litige
defendant nom	/dɪˈfɛnd.ənt/	inculpé, inculpée
occur verbe	/əˈkɜː/	se produire, avoir lieu
obtain verbe	/əbˈteɪn/	obtenir, se procurer
bench nom	/ˈbɛnt͡ʃ/	banc
submit verbe	/səbˈmɪt/	se soumettre
examine verbe	/ɪɡˈzæmɪn/	examiner
consultation nom	/ˌkɑnsəlˈteɪʃən/	consultation
litigation nom	/ˌlɪtɪˈɡeɪ̯ʃən/	litige

Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez

Mot	Sens
break down verbe	tomber en panne
go through verbe	traverser

La grammaire de cette vidéo

Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :

Structure	Dans la vidéo
Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait	is sometimes also called · being alleged · must be served
Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant	have completed · has ended · has presented
Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose	lawsuit, which is · evidence which can · opinion, which is

Prononciation à surveiller

Les sons « sh » et « zh »: jurisdiction /d͡ʒʊɹɪsˈdɪkʃən/, consultation /ˌkɑnsəlˈteɪʃən/, litigation /ˌlɪtɪˈɡeɪ̯ʃən/, shortly /ˈʃɔɹtli/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/
Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: jurisdiction /d͡ʒʊɹɪsˈdɪkʃən/, consultation /ˌkɑnsəlˈteɪʃən/, litigation /ˌlɪtɪˈɡeɪ̯ʃən/, deliberate /dɪˈlɪb.(ə.)ɹət/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/

Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :

/tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: jurisdiction /d͡ʒʊɹɪsˈdɪkʃən/, bench /ˈbɛnt͡ʃ/, statute /ˈstæt͡ʃuːt/, allege /əˈlɛd͡ʒ/
/r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: discovery /dɪˈskʌv.ɹi/, proceedings /pɹəˈsiːd.ɪŋz/, jurisdiction /d͡ʒʊɹɪsˈdɪkʃən/, deliberate /dɪˈlɪb.(ə.)ɹət/, shortly /ˈʃɔɹtli/
/ŋ/ final — sans prononcer de /g/ après: pleading /ˈpliːdɪŋ/, wrongdoing /ˈɹɒŋˌduːɪŋ/

Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo

Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme lawsuit, discovery, complaint.

Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?

Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.

Technique du shadowing : lire le guide complet étape par étape →

Pratique du Shadowing: A Civil Lawsuit Explained in Steps | The Civil Litigation Process - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo

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