Практика Shadowing: A Civil Lawsuit Explained in Steps | The Civil Litigation Process - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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A civil lawsuit can seem complex and, for the most of us, confusing.
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Civil lawsuits aren't actually too hard to understand.
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We broke down the basic steps of the civil lawsuit process
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to help our clients better understand what exactly is going on with their lawsuit.
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A civil lawsuit, which is sometimes also called civil litigation, is a lawsuit based on non-criminal statutes,
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meaning it's a separate entity from a criminal proceeding.
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A civil lawsuit is a dispute that's handled legally by the courts, such as a personal injury lawsuit.
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Civil litigation goes through specific steps or proceedings.
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First and foremost, you should consult with potential representatives for legal advice.
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Before anything else, it's important that you consult with a personal injury attorney about your potential personal injury lawsuit.
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You should also be sure that your case falls within the state statute of limitations.
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An open and honest consultation will give you the most accurate prediction of the outcome of your case.
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After an initial consultation, your civil lawsuit case will follow four common steps.
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Pleadings, discovery, trial, appeal.
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The pleadings are the initial step in the civil lawsuit.
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Each side or party will follow paperwork in the right court to explain their side of the story.
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The person bringing the lawsuit or plaintiff will file the complaint.
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The person being alleged of wrongdoing or defendant will file an answer.
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Personal Jurisdiction For a court to have personal jurisdiction over a defendant, the individual or company must have an appropriate relationship to the forum county,
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state, or federal district district and the defendant must be served properly.
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Subject matter jurisdiction.
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Depending on the type of lawsuit you're filing, your case may be heard in either federal or state court.
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Venue.
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Your case must be filed in an appropriate court based on proximity to where the incident in question occurred
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or where the parties are located.
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The complaint is a formal document filed by the plaintiff with the court.
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The complaint generally contains an explanation for why the the court holds jurisdiction over the case as well.
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The answer is a response to the plaintiff's complaint.
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The answer details the defendant's description of the events that led to the dispute, outlining any inaccuracies or falsehoods that they find in the complaint.
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As a response to the replies or in the instance
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that one party requests clarification over legal theories or allegations in the other party's pleadings, a complaint or answer may be amended.
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After both parties have completed the pleading process, both parties will enter discovery.
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Discovery is a process in which both parties begin to obtain information to help strengthen their arguments.
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Each party will obtain evidence through demands for production of documents, depositions of parties and witnesses, written interrogatories, written requests for admissions of fact,
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and examination of the scene and the petitions and motions employed to enforce discovery rights.
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Before the trial begins, either during the discovery process or shortly after, parties may use motions to ask the court to rule or act.
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After discovery has ended, if the dispute is not resolved out of court, the civil lawsuit will move to trial.
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Before the trial begins, both parties will submit a brief to the judge.
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Trials involving a judge and no jury are referred to as bench trials, or the trial can be set to be decided by a jury.
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Once the trial begins, both parties present their opening statements.
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Opening statements are the brief outlines of the party's arguments.
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After opening statements are made, each party introduces its case.
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The plaintiff always presents its case first.
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The defense presents its case after.
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After the defense has presented its case, the plaintiff has one last opportunity to present additional evidence, known as rebuttal evidence.
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Each party will present its case using evidence which can include documents, expert testimony, or exhibits that support its argument.
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After a witness is examined by one party, the opposing party can choose to cross-examine the witness.
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In a jury trial, after closing arguments, the jury deliberates for a period of time until a verdict is reached.
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In a bench trial, the judge deliberates for a period of time until a decision or verdict is reached.
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After the verdict is made, a party can choose to challenge the verdict.
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These challenges are more common during jury trials because errors
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and disregard of the law or legal definitions occur more often by juries.
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If a party does not agree with the result of the trial, they can appeal the decision.
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If a decision is appealed, then the civil lawsuit is presented to an appellate court that reviews the previous proceedings of the lawsuit.
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Each party will submit a brief and a record of evidence from trial to the appellate court.
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The appellate court looks for any errors in legality made during the pretrial or trial proceedings.
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After reviewing the proceedings, the appellate court releases an opinion, which is the appellate court's decision.
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The opinion can either affirm the verdict made by the trial court or find an error.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики построен на видео «A Civil Lawsuit Explained in Steps». Чаще всего повторяются слова: lawsuit, trial, civil, parties, complaint. В этом видео 58 предложений и 846 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 5:08. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 165 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. Только 78% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| lawsuit существительное | /ˈlɔˌs(j)ut/ | иск, тя́жба |
| discovery существительное | /dɪˈskʌv.ɹi/ | откры́тие |
| complaint существительное | /kəmˈpleɪnt/ | жа́лоба, недово́льство |
| verdict существительное | /ˈvɜː.dɪkt/ | пригово́р, реше́ние |
| jurisdiction существительное | /d͡ʒʊɹɪsˈdɪkʃən/ | юрисди́кция |
| dispute существительное | /dɪˈspjuːt/ | спор, ди́спут |
| defendant существительное | /dɪˈfɛnd.ənt/ | обвиня́емый, обвиня́емая |
| occur глагол | /əˈkɜː/ | происходи́ть, произойти́ |
| obtain глагол | /əbˈteɪn/ | добыва́ть, добы́ть |
| bench существительное | /ˈbɛnt͡ʃ/ | скаме́йка, скамья́ |
| submit глагол | /səbˈmɪt/ | подчиня́ться, подчини́ться |
| examine глагол | /ɪɡˈzæmɪn/ | осма́тривать, осмотре́ть |
| consultation существительное | /ˌkɑnsəlˈteɪʃən/ | консульта́ция |
| litigation существительное | /ˌlɪtɪˈɡeɪ̯ʃən/ | суде́бный проце́сс, тя́жба |
| outline существительное | /ˈaʊtlaɪn/ | ко́нтур, очерта́ние |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Значение |
|---|---|
| break down глагол | ломаться, сломаться |
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | is sometimes also called · being alleged · must be served |
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | have completed · has ended · has presented |
| Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете | lawsuit, which is · evidence which can · opinion, which is |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: jurisdiction /d͡ʒʊɹɪsˈdɪkʃən/, consultation /ˌkɑnsəlˈteɪʃən/, litigation /ˌlɪtɪˈɡeɪ̯ʃən/, shortly /ˈʃɔɹtli/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: jurisdiction /d͡ʒʊɹɪsˈdɪkʃən/, consultation /ˌkɑnsəlˈteɪʃən/, litigation /ˌlɪtɪˈɡeɪ̯ʃən/, deliberate /dɪˈlɪb.(ə.)ɹət/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/
Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:
- Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: proceedings /pɹəˈsiːd.ɪŋz/, involve /ɪnˈvɑlv/, depend /dɪˈpɛnd/, proceed /pɹəˈsid/, resolve /ɹɪˈzɑlv/
- /ŋ/ в конце слова — носовой звук без «г»: pleading /ˈpliːdɪŋ/, wrongdoing /ˈɹɒŋˌduːɪŋ/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как lawsuit, discovery, complaint.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.