Prática de Shadowing: A Civil Lawsuit Explained in Steps | The Civil Litigation Process - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo

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A civil lawsuit can seem complex and, for the most of us, confusing.

Civil lawsuits aren't actually too hard to understand.

We broke down the basic steps of the civil lawsuit process

to help our clients better understand what exactly is going on with their lawsuit.

A civil lawsuit, which is sometimes also called civil litigation, is a lawsuit based on non-criminal statutes,

meaning it's a separate entity from a criminal proceeding.

A civil lawsuit is a dispute that's handled legally by the courts, such as a personal injury lawsuit.

Civil litigation goes through specific steps or proceedings.

First and foremost, you should consult with potential representatives for legal advice.

Before anything else, it's important that you consult with a personal injury attorney about your potential personal injury lawsuit.

You should also be sure that your case falls within the state statute of limitations.

An open and honest consultation will give you the most accurate prediction of the outcome of your case.

After an initial consultation, your civil lawsuit case will follow four common steps.

Pleadings, discovery, trial, appeal.

The pleadings are the initial step in the civil lawsuit.

Each side or party will follow paperwork in the right court to explain their side of the story.

The person bringing the lawsuit or plaintiff will file the complaint.

The person being alleged of wrongdoing or defendant will file an answer.

Personal Jurisdiction For a court to have personal jurisdiction over a defendant, the individual or company must have an appropriate relationship to the forum county,

state, or federal district district and the defendant must be served properly.

Subject matter jurisdiction.

Depending on the type of lawsuit you're filing, your case may be heard in either federal or state court.

Venue.

Your case must be filed in an appropriate court based on proximity to where the incident in question occurred

or where the parties are located.

The complaint is a formal document filed by the plaintiff with the court.

The complaint generally contains an explanation for why the the court holds jurisdiction over the case as well.

The answer is a response to the plaintiff's complaint.

The answer details the defendant's description of the events that led to the dispute, outlining any inaccuracies or falsehoods that they find in the complaint.

As a response to the replies or in the instance

that one party requests clarification over legal theories or allegations in the other party's pleadings, a complaint or answer may be amended.

After both parties have completed the pleading process, both parties will enter discovery.

Discovery is a process in which both parties begin to obtain information to help strengthen their arguments.

Each party will obtain evidence through demands for production of documents, depositions of parties and witnesses, written interrogatories, written requests for admissions of fact,

and examination of the scene and the petitions and motions employed to enforce discovery rights.

Before the trial begins, either during the discovery process or shortly after, parties may use motions to ask the court to rule or act.

After discovery has ended, if the dispute is not resolved out of court, the civil lawsuit will move to trial.

Before the trial begins, both parties will submit a brief to the judge.

Trials involving a judge and no jury are referred to as bench trials, or the trial can be set to be decided by a jury.

Once the trial begins, both parties present their opening statements.

Opening statements are the brief outlines of the party's arguments.

After opening statements are made, each party introduces its case.

The plaintiff always presents its case first.

The defense presents its case after.

After the defense has presented its case, the plaintiff has one last opportunity to present additional evidence, known as rebuttal evidence.

Each party will present its case using evidence which can include documents, expert testimony, or exhibits that support its argument.

After a witness is examined by one party, the opposing party can choose to cross-examine the witness.

In a jury trial, after closing arguments, the jury deliberates for a period of time until a verdict is reached.

In a bench trial, the judge deliberates for a period of time until a decision or verdict is reached.

After the verdict is made, a party can choose to challenge the verdict.

These challenges are more common during jury trials because errors

and disregard of the law or legal definitions occur more often by juries.

If a party does not agree with the result of the trial, they can appeal the decision.

If a decision is appealed, then the civil lawsuit is presented to an appellate court that reviews the previous proceedings of the lawsuit.

Each party will submit a brief and a record of evidence from trial to the appellate court.

The appellate court looks for any errors in legality made during the pretrial or trial proceedings.

After reviewing the proceedings, the appellate court releases an opinion, which is the appellate court's decision.

The opinion can either affirm the verdict made by the trial court or find an error.

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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição

Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “A Civil Lawsuit Explained in Steps”. As palavras que mais se repetem: lawsuit, trial, civil, parties, complaint. Este vídeo tem 58 frases e 846 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 5:08. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 165 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. Apenas 78% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.

Vocabulário principal deste vídeo

15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:

Palavra	Pronúncia	Significado
lawsuit substantivo	/ˈlɔˌs(j)ut/	processo judicial, processo
discovery substantivo	/dɪˈskʌv.ɹi/	descoberta
complaint substantivo	/kəmˈpleɪnt/	queixa, reclamação
verdict substantivo	/ˈvɜː.dɪkt/	veredito
jurisdiction substantivo	/d͡ʒʊɹɪsˈdɪkʃən/	competência, jurisdição
dispute substantivo	/dɪˈspjuːt/	disputa
defendant substantivo	/dɪˈfɛnd.ənt/	réu, ré
occur verbo	/əˈkɜː/	ocorrer, acontecer
obtain verbo	/əbˈteɪn/	obter
bench substantivo	/ˈbɛnt͡ʃ/	banco
submit verbo	/səbˈmɪt/	ceder, entregar-se
examine verbo	/ɪɡˈzæmɪn/	examinar, analisar
consultation substantivo	/ˌkɑnsəlˈteɪʃən/	consulta
litigation substantivo	/ˌlɪtɪˈɡeɪ̯ʃən/	litígio
outline substantivo	/ˈaʊtlaɪn/	contorno

Gramática neste vídeo

As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:

Estrutura	No vídeo
Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz	is sometimes also called · being alleged · must be served
Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora	have completed · has ended · has presented
Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa	lawsuit, which is · evidence which can · opinion, which is

Pronúncia para ficar de olho

Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: jurisdiction /d͡ʒʊɹɪsˈdɪkʃən/, consultation /ˌkɑnsəlˈteɪʃən/, litigation /ˌlɪtɪˈɡeɪ̯ʃən/, shortly /ˈʃɔɹtli/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/
Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: jurisdiction /d͡ʒʊɹɪsˈdɪkʃən/, consultation /ˌkɑnsəlˈteɪʃən/, litigation /ˌlɪtɪˈɡeɪ̯ʃən/, deliberate /dɪˈlɪb.(ə.)ɹət/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/

Sons difíceis para falantes de português:

Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: lawsuit /ˈlɔˌs(j)ut/, complaint /kəmˈpleɪnt/, verdict /ˈvɜː.dɪkt/, dispute /dɪˈspjuːt/, defendant /dɪˈfɛnd.ənt/
/l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: formal /ˈfɔɹməl/, pretrial /pɹɪˈtɹaɪəl/, rebuttal /ɹiˈbʌt.əl/
s + consoante no início — sem um “i” antes: statute /ˈstæt͡ʃuːt/, strengthen /ˈstɹɛŋ(k)θən/

Como praticar com este vídeo

Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como lawsuit, discovery, complaint.

O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.

Técnica de shadowing: leia o guia completo passo a passo →

Prática de Shadowing: A Civil Lawsuit Explained in Steps | The Civil Litigation Process - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo

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