Shadowing Practice: A Civil Lawsuit Explained in Steps | The Civil Litigation Process - Learn English Speaking with Video

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A civil lawsuit can seem complex and, for the most of us, confusing.

Civil lawsuits aren't actually too hard to understand.

We broke down the basic steps of the civil lawsuit process

to help our clients better understand what exactly is going on with their lawsuit.

A civil lawsuit, which is sometimes also called civil litigation, is a lawsuit based on non-criminal statutes,

meaning it's a separate entity from a criminal proceeding.

A civil lawsuit is a dispute that's handled legally by the courts, such as a personal injury lawsuit.

Civil litigation goes through specific steps or proceedings.

First and foremost, you should consult with potential representatives for legal advice.

Before anything else, it's important that you consult with a personal injury attorney about your potential personal injury lawsuit.

You should also be sure that your case falls within the state statute of limitations.

An open and honest consultation will give you the most accurate prediction of the outcome of your case.

After an initial consultation, your civil lawsuit case will follow four common steps.

Pleadings, discovery, trial, appeal.

The pleadings are the initial step in the civil lawsuit.

Each side or party will follow paperwork in the right court to explain their side of the story.

The person bringing the lawsuit or plaintiff will file the complaint.

The person being alleged of wrongdoing or defendant will file an answer.

Personal Jurisdiction For a court to have personal jurisdiction over a defendant, the individual or company must have an appropriate relationship to the forum county,

state, or federal district district and the defendant must be served properly.

Subject matter jurisdiction.

Depending on the type of lawsuit you're filing, your case may be heard in either federal or state court.

Venue.

Your case must be filed in an appropriate court based on proximity to where the incident in question occurred

or where the parties are located.

The complaint is a formal document filed by the plaintiff with the court.

The complaint generally contains an explanation for why the the court holds jurisdiction over the case as well.

The answer is a response to the plaintiff's complaint.

The answer details the defendant's description of the events that led to the dispute, outlining any inaccuracies or falsehoods that they find in the complaint.

As a response to the replies or in the instance

that one party requests clarification over legal theories or allegations in the other party's pleadings, a complaint or answer may be amended.

After both parties have completed the pleading process, both parties will enter discovery.

Discovery is a process in which both parties begin to obtain information to help strengthen their arguments.

Each party will obtain evidence through demands for production of documents, depositions of parties and witnesses, written interrogatories, written requests for admissions of fact,

and examination of the scene and the petitions and motions employed to enforce discovery rights.

Before the trial begins, either during the discovery process or shortly after, parties may use motions to ask the court to rule or act.

After discovery has ended, if the dispute is not resolved out of court, the civil lawsuit will move to trial.

Before the trial begins, both parties will submit a brief to the judge.

Trials involving a judge and no jury are referred to as bench trials, or the trial can be set to be decided by a jury.

Once the trial begins, both parties present their opening statements.

Opening statements are the brief outlines of the party's arguments.

After opening statements are made, each party introduces its case.

The plaintiff always presents its case first.

The defense presents its case after.

After the defense has presented its case, the plaintiff has one last opportunity to present additional evidence, known as rebuttal evidence.

Each party will present its case using evidence which can include documents, expert testimony, or exhibits that support its argument.

After a witness is examined by one party, the opposing party can choose to cross-examine the witness.

In a jury trial, after closing arguments, the jury deliberates for a period of time until a verdict is reached.

In a bench trial, the judge deliberates for a period of time until a decision or verdict is reached.

After the verdict is made, a party can choose to challenge the verdict.

These challenges are more common during jury trials because errors

and disregard of the law or legal definitions occur more often by juries.

If a party does not agree with the result of the trial, they can appeal the decision.

If a decision is appealed, then the civil lawsuit is presented to an appellate court that reviews the previous proceedings of the lawsuit.

Each party will submit a brief and a record of evidence from trial to the appellate court.

The appellate court looks for any errors in legality made during the pretrial or trial proceedings.

After reviewing the proceedings, the appellate court releases an opinion, which is the appellate court's decision.

The opinion can either affirm the verdict made by the trial court or find an error.

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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección

Esta lección de conversación se basa en el vídeo “A Civil Lawsuit Explained in Steps”. Las palabras que más se repiten: lawsuit, trial, civil, parties, complaint. Este vídeo tiene 58 frases y 846 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 5:08. El hablante habla a un ritmo natural de unas 165 palabras por minuto, cercano a una conversación cotidiana. Solo el 78 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés, por lo que el vocabulario es exigente.

Vocabulario clave de este vídeo

15 palabras del vídeo que vale la pena aprender, con su pronunciación y significado:

Palabra	Pronunciación	Significado
lawsuit sustantivo	/ˈlɔˌs(j)ut/	proceso judicial, pleito
discovery sustantivo	/dɪˈskʌv.ɹi/	descubrimiento, hallazgo
complaint sustantivo	/kəmˈpleɪnt/	queja
verdict sustantivo	/ˈvɜː.dɪkt/	veredicto, fallo
proceedings sustantivo	/pɹəˈsiːd.ɪŋz/	actas
jurisdiction sustantivo	/d͡ʒʊɹɪsˈdɪkʃən/	jurisdicción
dispute sustantivo	/dɪˈspjuːt/	disputa, contencioso
defendant sustantivo	/dɪˈfɛnd.ənt/	acusado, acusada
occur verbo	/əˈkɜː/	ocurrir
obtain verbo	/əbˈteɪn/	obtener
bench sustantivo	/ˈbɛnt͡ʃ/	banco, banca
submit verbo	/səbˈmɪt/	someterse [a]]
examine verbo	/ɪɡˈzæmɪn/	examinar, analizar
consultation sustantivo	/ˌkɑnsəlˈteɪʃən/	consulta
litigation sustantivo	/ˌlɪtɪˈɡeɪ̯ʃən/	litigación, litigio

Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar

Palabra	Significado
break down verbo	descomponerse, averiarse
go through verbo	atravesar

Gramática en este vídeo

Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:

Estructura	En el vídeo
Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo hace	is sometimes also called · being alleged · must be served
Present perfect have/has + participio pasado — una acción pasada que sigue importando ahora	have completed · has ended · has presented
Oraciones de relativo who / which + oración — información extra sobre una persona o cosa	lawsuit, which is · evidence which can · opinion, which is

Pronunciación a tener en cuenta

Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: jurisdiction /d͡ʒʊɹɪsˈdɪkʃən/, consultation /ˌkɑnsəlˈteɪʃən/, litigation /ˌlɪtɪˈɡeɪ̯ʃən/, shortly /ˈʃɔɹtli/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/
Palabras largas — cuida el acento: jurisdiction /d͡ʒʊɹɪsˈdɪkʃən/, consultation /ˌkɑnsəlˈteɪʃən/, litigation /ˌlɪtɪˈɡeɪ̯ʃən/, deliberate /dɪˈlɪb.(ə.)ɹət/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/

Sonidos difíciles para hispanohablantes:

s + consonante al inicio — sin añadir una “e” delante: statute /ˈstæt͡ʃuːt/, strengthen /ˈstɹɛŋ(k)θən/
/v/ — no es /b/: los dientes tocan el labio inferior: discovery /dɪˈskʌv.ɹi/, verdict /ˈvɜː.dɪkt/, involve /ɪnˈvɑlv/, venue /ˈvɛnjuː/, resolve /ɹɪˈzɑlv/
/z/ — sonora, no /s/: proceedings /pɹəˈsiːd.ɪŋz/, examine /ɪɡˈzæmɪn/, examination /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, resolve /ɹɪˈzɑlv/, exhibit /ɪɡˈzɪbɪt/

Cómo practicar con este vídeo

Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
Empieza a velocidad 0,75×, haz shadowing frase por frase y vuelve a la velocidad normal cuando te resulte fácil.
Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como lawsuit, discovery, complaint.

¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.

Técnica de shadowing: lee la guía completa paso a paso →

Shadowing Practice: A Civil Lawsuit Explained in Steps | The Civil Litigation Process - Learn English Speaking with Video

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