Shadowing Practice: China’s Fluctuating Population Explained | Geography | ClickView - Learn English Speaking with Video

- With more than 1,440,000,000 people living within its border, the People's Republic of China is the world's most populous nation.

It comprises just under 20% of the entire world's population.

While the Republic itself was only founded in the mid-20th century, China's borders are vast encompassing a diversity of landscapes, cultures, languages and traditions that date back thousands of years.

Thanks to extensive record keeping by emperors dating back to the 2nd century, we know that for a millennium the population fluctuated between roughly 40 and 60 million people as plagues and wars came and went.

Then in the Ming Dynasty in the 14th century, China's population began growing steadily.

Like many nations, the period coinciding with the Industrial Revolution brought changes in health and nutrition that extended lifespans and reduced infant mortality.

By 1820, China had more than 380 million citizens which was 1/3 of the whole world's population.

When the People's Republic of China was established in October 1949, its total population was already half a billion, more than triple the US population of 150 million at that time.

The modern nation covers an area of just over 3.7 million square miles with a total population density of 375 people per square mile.

Shanghai alone is home to more than 23 million people giving it a population density of just under 5,200 individuals per square mile.

In its more concentrated districts, this figure soars to more than 9,800 inhabitants for every square mile.

Elsewhere China's population could be considered quite sparse.

Tibet's 3.18 million people make up just a fraction of a percent of the total population and due to its rugged terrain, it has an average of just five people per square mile.

Under the Communist Party of China the total fertility rate was initially five to six children per woman.

This caused rapid population growth, which was first seen as an advantage by China's government.

However, the population outstripped agricultural production and a series of catastrophic famines claimed millions of lives.

From 1958 to 1960, an economic campaign, called the Great Leap Forward, attempted to bring China's agrarian state into line with modern nations, such as the U.K.

Farmers were relocated into villages called communes and many were forced to give up what little food they grew.

The state took it for processing and export, and this led to mass starvation.

In the years that followed, continued reforms further industrialized China.

By the 1960s, child mortality was dropping significantly.

Where previously more than 131 out of every 1,000 children born would die before their fifth birthday, that figure fell to 55 in 1980.

Today, that figure is just 10.

From a life expectancy of around 32 from the mid 19th century through to the 1920s, by the 1970s, the average citizen in China could expect to live well into their 60s.

In 2021, this figure reached 77 years.

In just a few decades, the population virtually doubled.

What was seen as a tremendous resource was beginning to look like a serious problem.

One solution was to encourage couples to marry later and have just two children.

In 1979, China's leader, Deng Xiaoping, reduced that number to just one child per couple in what would famously become known as China's one-child policy.

Those who had more children faced a penalty in the form of a child raising fee.

Contraception and sterilization were enforced at the risk of losing employment or access to healthcare.

The policy successfully reduced the total fertility rate seeing it drop to 1.7 children per woman, well below the replacement rate of 2.1.

But in 2015, faced with an aging population and an increasing dependency ratio, the government relaxed the policy to allow for two children.

Then in 2021, with a fertility rate of just 1.3, the number of children allowable was raised again to three.

So what might the future hold?

China has very few immigrants with the government issuing only around 1,000 permanent residency cards each year.

At the same time, more Chinese have emigrated in recent years, especially wealthy ones.

China experiences a consistently low fertility rate, a declining infant mortality rate, and an increasing life expectancy.

This is reflected in China's population distribution with the bottom tapering inward and a widening in the middle age groups.

Together these factors place China in stage four of the Demographic Transition Model.

It's expected that China's population will continue to increase slowly, peaking at 1.46 billion around 2030.

Then China's birth rate is expected to fall below the death rate and the population will begin declining.

It could drop to just over one billion people by the end of the century or perhaps even lower.

During this period of decline, China will have progressed to stage five of the Demographic Transition Model, joining some of the most developed countries in the world.

Just as China had to deal with the consequences of a booming population in the past, in the future, the consequences of a shrinking one might need some innovative thinking.

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Woord	Uitspraak	Betekenis
fertility zelfstandig naamwoord	/fɝˈtɪləti/	vruchtbaarheid
mortality zelfstandig naamwoord	/mɔɹˈtælɪti/	sterfelijkheid, mortaliteit
infant zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈɪn.fənt/	zuigeling
consequence zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/	gevolg, consequentie
agrarian bijvoeglijk naamwoord	/əˈɡɹɛ(ə)ɹi.ən/	agrarisch
coincide werkwoord	/ˌkoʊɪnˈsaɪd/	samenvallen, coïncideren
commune zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈkɑmjuːn/	gemeente
emigrate werkwoord	/ˈɛmɪɡɹeɪt/	emigreren
encompass werkwoord	/ɪnˈkʌmpəs/	omvatten, bevatten
industrialize werkwoord	/ɪnˈdʌstɹiəlaɪz/	industrialiseren
inhabitant zelfstandig naamwoord	/ɪnˈhæb.ɪ.tənt/	bewoner, bewoonster
outstrip werkwoord	/ˌaʊtˈstɹɪp/	overtreffen, overvleugelen
sparse bijvoeglijk naamwoord	/spɑːɹs/	verspreid
sterilization zelfstandig naamwoord		sterilisatie
starvation zelfstandig naamwoord	/stɑɹˈveɪʃən/	uithongering

Structuur	In de video
Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet	was only founded · was established · could be considered
Betrekkelijke bijzinnen who / which + zin — extra informatie over een persoon of ding	citizens which was · growth, which was · Those who had
Present perfect have/has + voltooid deelwoord — iets uit het verleden dat nu nog telt	have emigrated · have progressed

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