Shadowing Practice: The Demographic Transition Model Explained | Geography | ClickView - Learn English Speaking with Video
Les maken...
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- For most of human history life has been a rather brutal affair.
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Both birth rates and death rates were high, making populations relatively stable.
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With almost eight billion people alive today, our world is a very different place from what it has ever been.
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To understand the complex relationship between changes in a population as a nation develops over time, demographers can use what's called the Demographic Transition Model.
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This theory of population change describe transitions between five stages of development.
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Each stage is defined by the relationship between the birth and death rate which in turn influences the rate of growth or decline.
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These changes are based on the influences of various social and economic developments.
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Let's break these stages down in more detail.
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What we know of ancient humans tells us that around one in four infants died before their first birthday.
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As many as half of all humans died before puberty.
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With such a high mortality rate populations needed high birth rates just to survive.
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Demographers refer to this balance as Stage One of the Demographic Transition Model.
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Relatively equal rates of births and deaths means the population size is generally stable.
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A population pyramid for this stage would have a wide base and a narrow top.
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While some regions today could arguably be described as Stage One, most demographers see it as a stage in our past.
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For many countries, it began changing during the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century.
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Thanks to centuries of science, know a lot about how to keep food and water germ free, how to keep wounds from becoming infected, and how to vaccinate against many diseases.
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As people gain access to basic levels of healthcare, sanitation, and food security, the death rate falls, especially among children.
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Meanwhile, the birth rate remains high.
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While Stage One was relatively stable, Stage Two represents a population explosion.
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More children survive and have children of their own.
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Nations south of the Sahara in Africa, such as South Sudan and Nigeria, are considered to be at Stage Two of the model.
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As medicine and technology advance and more children survive, families start having fewer babies.
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Expanding populations also experience some significant cultural changes.
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There are more educational opportunities, especially for women.
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Better education leads to higher employment rates, meaning women have options other than being full-time mothers, including having a stronger say in how a community is run.
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Wealth, power, and innovation also help promote access to and use of contraception.
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These factors lead to a period of growth that's slower than before.
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Nations such as India, Brazil, and Vietnam are seen as being in this stage.
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Populations are still increasing, but at a reduced rate compared to Stage Two.
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Over time the reduced birth rate will be matched by a relatively low death rate, and the population will no longer increase or decrease.
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Stage Four of the Demographic Transition Model is when low death rates and low birth rates create a stable population.
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Most of world's developed nations such as the US, France, Canada, and Australia are at Stage Four.
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When birth rates remain below the approximate 2.1 children per woman that is necessary for keeping even the healthiest population stable, the number of people declines.
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If current predictions hold, a number of nations could soon join Japan and Germany in the fifth and final stage of the Demographic Transition Model.
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High costs of living, fear of global catastrophes, and other social pressures could see fewer people choosing to have children.
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Smaller populations might seem like a win for the environment, demanding fewer resources and leaving less waste.
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But the pressures on the economy will increase in the short term, as there are fewer young people to care for a slowly aging population.
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Nations, such as Germany and Japan, are already facing this decline.
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Other countries such as China might not be far behind.
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These nations must consider how to meet the challenges of a shrinking population.
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Croatia is another nation that could be seen as experiencing Stage Five.
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From the 1950s through the 1970s, 1980s, and to today, Croatia has represented each stage of the Demographic Transition Model.
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How countries will develop in the future is a hot topic for discussion.
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The Demographic Transition Model is useful but like all models, it has limits.
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From the devastation of wars and pandemics to surprises delivered by economic booms and new form of economics, anything could affect the population of Earth in the near and distant future.
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If you liked this video you can find it and so many more at clickview.net.
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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les
Deze video bevat 48 zinnen en 775 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 5:49. De spreker praat in een gelijkmatig tempo van ongeveer 133 woorden per minuut, prettig om te shadowen. 84% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden; de rest kun je beter vooraf bekijken.
Belangrijke woorden in deze video
15 minder gangbare woorden uit de video, met uitspraak en betekenis:
- stable /ˈsteɪ.bəl/ (zelfstandig naamwoord) — stal, paardenstal. A building, wing or dependency set apart and adapted for lodging and feeding (and training) ungulates, especially horses.
- fewer /ˈfjuː.ɚ/ — minder. Less; a smaller amount of something non-integral commonly expressed as an integer
- decline /dɪˈklaɪn/ (werkwoord) — afnemen, terugvallen. To move downwards, to fall, to drop.
- topic /ˈtɑpɪk/ (zelfstandig naamwoord) — onderwerp, thema. A subject; a theme; a category or general area of interest.
- meanwhile /ˈmiːnwaɪl/ (bijwoord) — intussen, ondertussen. During the time that something is happening, often specifically in a different place.
- transition /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/ (zelfstandig naamwoord) — overgang. The process of change from one form, state, style or place to another.
- compare /kəmˈpɛɚ/ (werkwoord) — vergelijken. To assess the similarities and differences between two or more things [“to compare X with Y”]. Having made the comparison of X with Y, one might have found it…
- refer /ɹɪˈfɜː/ (werkwoord) — verwijzen, doorverwijzen. To direct the attention of (someone toward something).
- economics /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪks/ (zelfstandig naamwoord) — economie. The study of resource and wealth allocation, consumption, and distribution, of capital and investment, and of management of the factors of production.
- narrow /ˈnæɹəʊ/ (bijvoeglijk naamwoord) — nauw, smal. Having a small width; not wide; having opposite edges or sides that are close, especially by comparison to length or depth.
- resource /ɹɪˈzɔːs/ (zelfstandig naamwoord) — bron, hulpbron. Something that one uses to achieve an objective, e.g. raw materials or personnel.
- expand /ɪkˈspænd/ (werkwoord) — vergroten, uitbreiden. To change (something) from a smaller form or size to a larger one; to spread out or lay open.
- boom /bum/ (werkwoord) — dreunen, donderen. To make a loud, hollow, resonant sound.
- innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/ (zelfstandig naamwoord) — innovatie, vernieuwing. The act of innovating; the introduction of something new, in customs, rites, etc.
- define /dɪˈfaɪn/ (werkwoord) — bepalen, determineren. To determine with precision; to mark out with distinctness; to ascertain or exhibit clearly.
Uitspraak om op te letten
- De klanken “sh” en “zh”: transition /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/, innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, explosion /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/, prediction /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/, sanitation /ˌsænɪˈteɪʃən/
- Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: economics /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪks/, innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, mortality /mɔɹˈtælɪti/, approximate /əˈpɹɑk.sə.mət/, sanitation /ˌsænɪˈteɪʃən/
Zo oefen je met deze video
- Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
- Spreek zin voor zin na op normale snelheid en herhaal elke zin tot je ritme gelijk is aan dat van de spreker.
- Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als stable, fewer, decline.
Grammatica in deze video
De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:
| Structuur | In de video |
|---|---|
| Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet | is defined · are based · be described |
| Present perfect have/has + voltooid deelwoord — iets uit het verleden dat nu nog telt | has been · has ever been · has represented |
Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?
Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.