शैडोइंग अभ्यास: The Demographic Transition Model Explained | Geography | ClickView - YouTube के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

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- [Narrator] For most of human history life has been a rather brutal affair.
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- [Narrator] For most of human history life has been a rather brutal affair.
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Both birth rates and death rates were high, making populations relatively stable.
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With almost eight billion people alive today, our world is a very different place from what it has ever been.
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To understand the complex relationship between changes in a population as a nation develops over time, demographers can use what's called the Demographic Transition Model.
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This theory of population change describe transitions between five stages of development.
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Each stage is defined by the relationship between the birth and death rate which in turn influences the rate of growth or decline.
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These changes are based on the influences of various social and economic developments.
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Let's break these stages down in more detail.
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What we know of ancient humans tells us that around one in four infants died before their first birthday.
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As many as half of all humans died before puberty.
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With such a high mortality rate populations needed high birth rates just to survive.
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Demographers refer to this balance as Stage One of the Demographic Transition Model.
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Relatively equal rates of births and deaths means the population size is generally stable.
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A population pyramid for this stage would have a wide base and a narrow top.
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While some regions today could arguably be described as Stage One, most demographers see it as a stage in our past.
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For many countries, it began changing during the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century.
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Thanks to centuries of science, know a lot about how to keep food and water germ free, how to keep wounds from becoming infected, and how to vaccinate against many diseases.
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As people gain access to basic levels of healthcare, sanitation, and food security, the death rate falls, especially among children.
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Meanwhile, the birth rate remains high.
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While Stage One was relatively stable, Stage Two represents a population explosion.
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More children survive and have children of their own.
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Nations south of the Sahara in Africa, such as South Sudan and Nigeria, are considered to be at Stage Two of the model.
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As medicine and technology advance and more children survive, families start having fewer babies.
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Expanding populations also experience some significant cultural changes.
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There are more educational opportunities, especially for women.
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Better education leads to higher employment rates, meaning women have options other than being full-time mothers, including having a stronger say in how a community is run.
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Wealth, power, and innovation also help promote access to and use of contraception.
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These factors lead to a period of growth that's slower than before.
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Nations such as India, Brazil, and Vietnam are seen as being in this stage.
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Populations are still increasing, but at a reduced rate compared to Stage Two.
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Over time the reduced birth rate will be matched by a relatively low death rate, and the population will no longer increase or decrease.
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Stage Four of the Demographic Transition Model is when low death rates and low birth rates create a stable population.
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Most of world's developed nations such as the US, France, Canada, and Australia are at Stage Four.
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When birth rates remain below the approximate 2.1 children per woman that is necessary for keeping even the healthiest population stable, the number of people declines.
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If current predictions hold, a number of nations could soon join Japan and Germany in the fifth and final stage of the Demographic Transition Model.
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High costs of living, fear of global catastrophes, and other social pressures could see fewer people choosing to have children.
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Smaller populations might seem like a win for the environment, demanding fewer resources and leaving less waste.
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But the pressures on the economy will increase in the short term, as there are fewer young people to care for a slowly aging population.
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Nations, such as Germany and Japan, are already facing this decline.
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Other countries such as China might not be far behind.
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These nations must consider how to meet the challenges of a shrinking population.
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Croatia is another nation that could be seen as experiencing Stage Five.
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From the 1950s through the 1970s, 1980s, and to today, Croatia has represented each stage of the Demographic Transition Model.
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How countries will develop in the future is a hot topic for discussion.
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The Demographic Transition Model is useful but like all models, it has limits.
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From the devastation of wars and pandemics to surprises delivered by economic booms and new form of economics, anything could affect the population of Earth in the near and distant future.
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इस पाठ के बारे में

इस पाठ में, आप जनसंख्या परिवर्तन मॉडल (Demographic Transition Model) की जटिलताओं को समझेंगे। आप यह जानेंगे कि कैसे विभिन्न सामाजिक और आर्थिक विकासों के अनुसार जनसंख्या के जन्म और मृत्यु दर में परिवर्तन होता है। यह जानकारी आपके अंग्रेजी बोलने का अभ्यास करने में मदद करेगी क्योंकि आप मुख्य विचारों और अभिव्यक्तियों को सीखेंगे जो कि वीडियो में प्रस्तुत की गई हैं। इसके साथ ही, आप अंग्रेजी में अपने विचार व्यक्त करने में भी अधिक आत्मविश्वास प्राप्त करेंगे।

प्रमुख शब्दावली और वाक्यांश

  • जन्म दर - जनसंख्या में नए जन्मों की संख्या।
  • मृत्यु दर - जनसंख्या में मृत्यु की संख्या।
  • जनसंख्या विस्फोट - एक साथ तेजी से बढ़ती जनसंख्या।
  • संवृद्धि - जनसंख्या में वृद्धि का स्तर।
  • आर्थिक विकास - आर्थिक प्रगति जिसे जनसंख्या पर असर डालता है।
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  • डेमोग्राफिक ट्रांजिशन मॉडल - जनसंख्या बदलाव का एक सिद्धांत।

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